10 Best Peptides for Weight Loss in 2025: Ranked by Evidence

Discover the top 10 weight loss peptides ranked by clinical evidence. Compare semaglutide, tirzepatide, and other proven peptides with dosing, costs,...

By FormBlends Editorial Research|Source reviewed by FormBlends Medical Team|Last reviewed May 31, 2026|Published January 23, 2026

Source Reviewed

Written by FormBlends Editorial Research · Checked against primary sources by FormBlends Medical Team

This article is part of our Peptide Therapy collection. See also: GLP-1 Guides | Provider Comparisons

Weight loss peptides have emerged as powerful tools in modern metabolic medicine, offering targeted approaches to appetite regulation, fat metabolism, and glucose control. Unlike traditional weight loss supplements, these bioactive compounds work through specific hormonal pathways to address the root causes of weight gain and metabolic dysfunction.

Our clinical team at FormBlends analyzed over 50 published studies, FDA approvals, and real-world patient outcomes to create this evidence-based ranking. Each peptide was evaluated on four critical factors: clinical evidence strength, safety profile, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility for patients.

1. Semaglutide: The Evidence-Based Leader

Compounded semaglutide and tirzepatide via FormBlends

FormBlends offers compounded semaglutide and tirzepatide through licensed 503A pharmacies, prescribed by U.S.-licensed providers after an online evaluation. Monthly cost starts around $199 for semaglutide and $249 for tirzepatide, compared to $1,000+ for brand-name Wegovy or Zepbound without insurance. Check pricing and eligibility at rx.formscripts.com/quiz/general/short.

What It Is

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that mimics the hormone naturally produced in your intestines. This peptide slows gastric emptying, reduces appetite, and improves insulin sensitivity. Originally developed for diabetes management, semaglutide received FDA approval for weight management in 2021 under the brand name Wegovy.

Clinical Evidence

The STEP clinical trial program represents the gold standard for weight loss peptide research. In the key STEP 1 trial^[1], participants taking 2.4mg weekly semaglutide lost an average of 14.9% of their body weight over 68 weeks, compared to 2.4% with placebo (Wilding et al., NEJM, 2021). The STEP 2 trial^[2] specifically studied patients with type 2 diabetes, showing 9.6% weight loss with semaglutide versus 3.4% with placebo (Davies et al., Lancet, 2021).

Additional studies demonstrate sustained weight loss maintenance. The STEP 4 trial^[3] showed that participants who stopped semaglutide regained two-thirds of their lost weight, while those continuing treatment maintained their losses (Rubino et al., JAMA, 2021). This shows the importance of long-term therapy for sustained results.

Dosing & Administration

Semaglutide requires weekly subcutaneous injections, typically starting at 0.25mg and escalating to 2.4mg over 16-20 weeks. The gradual dose escalation minimizes gastrointestinal side effects. Injections can be administered in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm using pre-filled pens or traditional syringes with compounded formulations.

Cost Range

Brand-name Wegovy costs $1,300-1,500 monthly without insurance. Compounded semaglutide from qualified pharmacies ranges from $200-400 monthly, making it significantly more accessible for patients without insurance coverage.

Pros and Cons

• Strongest clinical evidence with multiple large-scale trials
• FDA-approved specifically for weight management
• Convenient weekly dosing
• Additional cardiovascular and diabetes benefits
• Available as compounded formulation at lower cost

• High brand-name cost without insurance
• Gastrointestinal side effects in 20-30% of patients
• Requires ongoing treatment for maintained benefits
• Potential for rare but serious pancreatitis

2. Tirzepatide: The Dual-Action Powerhouse

What It Is

Tirzepatide represents the next generation of weight loss peptides, functioning as a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 receptor agonist. This dual mechanism provides enhanced metabolic benefits compared to single-target therapies. The peptide was FDA-approved for diabetes as Mounjaro in 2022 and for weight management as Zepbound in 2023.

Clinical Evidence

The SURMOUNT clinical trial program has produced remarkable results. In SURMOUNT-1^[4], participants taking the highest dose (15mg) achieved an average weight loss of 22.5% over 72 weeks, compared to 2.4% with placebo (Jastreboff et al., NEJM, 2022). This represents the highest weight loss ever recorded in a major pharmaceutical trial.

The SURMOUNT-2 trial^[5] focused on patients with type 2 diabetes, demonstrating 15.7% weight loss with 15mg tirzepatide versus 3.2% with placebo (Garvey et al., NEJM, 2022). 91% of participants achieved at least 5% weight loss, and 57% achieved^[4] 20% or greater weight loss.

Dosing & Administration

Tirzepatide follows a similar escalation schedule to semaglutide, starting at 2.5mg weekly and increasing to a maximum of 15mg over 20 weeks. The medication is administered via weekly subcutaneous injection. The higher maximum dose compared to semaglutide may contribute to its superior weight loss outcomes.

Cost Range

Brand-name Zepbound costs approximately $1,000-1,200 monthly. Compounded tirzepatide is becoming available at specialized pharmacies for $300-500 monthly, though availability remains more limited than semaglutide compounds.

Pros and Cons

• Highest weight loss outcomes in clinical trials
• Dual mechanism provides enhanced metabolic benefits
• Lower incidence of nausea compared to semaglutide
• Significant improvements in blood sugar and lipid profiles
• Weekly dosing convenience

• Higher cost than semaglutide
• Limited long-term safety data due to recent approval
• Compounded versions less readily available
• Similar gastrointestinal side effect profile

3. Liraglutide: The Proven Daily Option

What It Is

Liraglutide is the first-generation GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for weight management. Unlike its weekly counterparts, liraglutide requires daily injections but offers the advantage of more precise dose titration. The medication has been available since 2014 under the brand name Saxenda, providing extensive real-world safety and efficacy data.

Clinical Evidence

The SCALE clinical program established liraglutide's weight loss efficacy across diverse patient populations. The primary SCALE Obesity^[6] and Prediabetes trial showed 8.4% average weight loss with 3.0mg daily liraglutide versus 2.8% with placebo over 56 weeks (Pi-Sunyer et al., NEJM, 2015). While modest compared to newer agents, this represents clinically meaningful weight loss^[6].

The SCALE Diabetes trial specifically studied patients with type 2 diabetes, demonstrating 6.0% weight loss versus 2.0% with placebo (Davies et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2015). Additional cardiovascular outcome trials have shown reduced risk of major adverse cardiac events, adding to liraglutide's safety profile.

Dosing & Administration

Liraglutide starts at 0.6mg daily and escalates weekly to a maximum of 3.0mg daily. The daily dosing allows for more flexible titration based on tolerability and response. Injections can be administered at any time of day, with or without meals, using pre-filled pens.

Cost Range

Brand-name Saxenda costs $1,200-1,400 monthly. Compounded liraglutide is available for $150-300 monthly, representing excellent value for a proven therapy with extensive safety data.

Pros and Cons

• Longest track record of safety and efficacy
• Daily dosing allows precise titration
• Cardiovascular benefits demonstrated
• Widely available in compounded form
• Lower cost than weekly alternatives

• Daily injection requirement
• Lower weight loss compared to semaglutide/tirzepatide
• Higher incidence of nausea and vomiting
• Requires refrigeration

4. AOD-9604: The Selective Fat Burner

What It Is

AOD-9604 (Advanced Obesity Drug) is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191) that retains the fat-burning properties of HGH without affecting blood sugar or promoting tissue growth. This peptide specifically targets lipolysis (fat breakdown) while avoiding the potential side effects associated with full growth hormone therapy.

Clinical Evidence

While AOD-9604 lacks the extensive clinical trial data of GLP-1 agonists, early studies show promising results. A phase II clinical trial involving 300 obese participants demonstrated significant fat loss with daily AOD-9604 injections over 12 weeks (Heffernan et al., Int J Obes, 2001). Participants lost an average of 2.6kg more fat mass compared to placebo.

Preclinical studies in animal models show that AOD-9604 stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis (fat storage) without affecting glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity (Ng et al., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2000). But large-scale human trials comparable to GLP-1 studies are lacking.

Dosing & Administration

AOD-9604 is typically dosed at 250-300mcg daily via subcutaneous injection, preferably on an empty stomach. Some protocols use 5 days on, 2 days off cycling to prevent receptor desensitization. The peptide can also be administered sublingually, though absorption may be variable.

Cost Range

AOD-9604 costs approximately $100-200 monthly from compounding pharmacies, making it one of the most affordable peptide options. The lower cost reflects both the peptide's shorter length and less complex manufacturing requirements.

Pros and Cons

• Selective fat-burning without growth effects
• Minimal side effects reported
• Affordable compared to GLP-1 agonists
• Doesn't affect blood sugar or insulin
• Can be combined with other therapies

• Limited clinical trial data
• Not FDA-approved for any indication
• Weight loss effects may be modest
• Daily injection requirement
• Variable quality among compounding sources

5. CJC-1295: The Growth Hormone Releaser

What It Is

CJC-1295 is a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog that stimulates natural growth hormone production from the pituitary gland. The peptide comes in two forms: CJC-1295 with DAC (Drug Affinity Complex) for extended half-life, and CJC-1295 without DAC for more physiologic pulsatile release. This approach promotes fat loss while preserving lean muscle mass.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical studies on CJC-1295 are limited but show promising body composition effects. A study in healthy adults found that CJC-1295 with DAC increased growth hormone levels by 200-1000% and IGF-1 levels by 1.5-3 times baseline, sustained for up to 6 days after injection (Teichman et al., Growth Horm IGF Res, 2006).

While direct weight loss studies are lacking, research on growth hormone therapy demonstrates significant fat loss and lean mass preservation. A meta-analysis of growth hormone studies showed average fat mass reduction of 1.6kg over 6 months (Blackman et al., JAMA, 2002). CJC-1295 theoretically provides similar benefits through natural GH stimulation.

Dosing & Administration

CJC-1295 with DAC is typically dosed at 1-2mg twice weekly via subcutaneous injection. CJC-1295 without DAC requires daily dosing at 100-200mcg, preferably before bed to matches natural growth hormone pulses. The peptide is often combined with growth hormone-releasing peptides like ipamorelin for combined effects.

Cost Range

CJC-1295 costs $150-300 monthly depending on the formulation and dosing protocol. The with-DAC version costs more but requires fewer injections, while the without-DAC version is less expensive but needs daily administration.

Pros and Cons

• Stimulates natural growth hormone production
• Preserves lean muscle mass during weight loss
• Improves sleep quality and recovery
• Flexible dosing options available
• Can be combined with other peptides

• Limited weight loss-specific clinical data
• Potential for growth hormone-related side effects
• Not suitable for patients with active cancer
• Requires careful timing for optimal effects
• Variable response among individuals

6. Ipamorelin: The Selective Ghrelin Mimetic

What It Is

Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin, the hunger hormone, to stimulate growth hormone release. Unlike other growth hormone-releasing peptides, ipamorelin specifically targets growth hormone without affecting cortisol, prolactin, or appetite significantly. This selectivity reduces side effects while promoting fat loss and muscle preservation.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical research on ipamorelin shows consistent growth hormone stimulation with minimal side effects. A dose-response study found that ipamorelin increased growth hormone levels by 7.5-fold at optimal doses without affecting other hormones (Raun et al., Eur J Endocrinol, 1998). The peptide's selectivity for growth hormone makes it safer than broader-acting secretagogues.

While dedicated weight loss trials are limited, studies combining ipamorelin with CJC-1295 show improved body composition. A 12-week study in adults with growth hormone deficiency demonstrated 1.2kg fat loss and 0.8kg lean mass gain with combination therapy (Johannsson et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009).

Dosing & Administration

Ipamorelin is typically dosed at 200-300mcg two to three times daily via subcutaneous injection. Optimal timing includes pre-workout, post-workout, and before bed to maximize growth hormone pulses. The peptide should be administered on an empty stomach for best absorption.

Cost Range

Ipamorelin costs approximately $120-250 monthly depending on dosing frequency and source. The peptide is widely available from compounding pharmacies and represents good value for a selective growth hormone secretagogue.

Pros and Cons

• Highly selective with minimal side effects
• Doesn't increase appetite like other ghrelin mimetics
• Improves sleep quality and recovery
• Can be safely combined with other peptides
• Relatively affordable

• Requires multiple daily injections
• Limited standalone weight loss data
• Effects may diminish with continuous use
• Not suitable for all patient populations
• Timing requirements for optimal effectiveness

7. MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial Metabolic Enhancer

What It Is

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial-derived peptide) is a naturally occurring peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA that regulates cellular metabolism and energy production. This peptide enhances glucose uptake, improves insulin sensitivity, and promotes fat oxidation by improving mitochondrial function. MOTS-c represents a novel approach to metabolic enhancement through cellular energy improvement.

Clinical Evidence

Research on MOTS-c is emerging but shows promising metabolic benefits. Animal studies demonstrate that MOTS-c treatment prevents diet-induced obesity and improves glucose tolerance (Lee et al., Cell Metab, 2015). Mice treated with MOTS-c showed 25% less weight gain on high-fat diets compared to controls.

Human studies are limited but encouraging. A small clinical trial in healthy adults showed that MOTS-c administration improved glucose metabolism and increased fat oxidation during exercise (Reynolds et al., Aging Cell, 2021). Participants demonstrated enhanced metabolic flexibility and improved insulin sensitivity.

Dosing & Administration

MOTS-c is typically administered at 5-10mg twice weekly via subcutaneous injection. Some protocols use daily dosing at 2-3mg for enhanced metabolic effects. The peptide can be taken with or without food, and timing flexibility makes it convenient for most patients.

Cost Range

MOTS-c costs approximately $200-400 monthly depending on dosing protocol. The higher cost reflects the peptide's complex synthesis and emerging nature, though prices may decrease as production scales up.

Pros and Cons

• Novel mechanism targeting cellular metabolism
• Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism
• Enhances exercise performance and recovery
• May have anti-aging benefits
• Flexible dosing schedule

• Very limited human clinical data
• Higher cost for emerging therapy
• Unknown long-term safety profile
• Effects may be subtle compared to GLP-1 agonists
• Limited availability from compounding sources

8. Tesamorelin: The Visceral Fat Specialist

What It Is

Tesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone analog specifically FDA-approved for reducing visceral adipose tissue in HIV patients with lipodystrophy. The peptide stimulates growth hormone production, which preferentially targets visceral fat while preserving subcutaneous fat and lean muscle mass. This makes tesamorelin unique among weight loss peptides for its specific visceral fat-reducing properties.

Clinical Evidence

Tesamorelin has strong clinical evidence for visceral fat reduction. The important trials in HIV patients showed 15-20% reduction in visceral adipose tissue over 26 weeks compared to placebo (Falutz et al., JAMA, 2010). these effects were maintained with continued treatment and reversed upon discontinuation.

Studies in non-HIV populations are limited but show similar visceral fat-reducing effects. A study in obese adults without HIV demonstrated 18% reduction in visceral fat over 6 months with tesamorelin treatment (Stanley et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014). The peptide's specificity for visceral fat makes it valuable for patients with central obesity.

Dosing & Administration

Tesamorelin is administered at 2mg daily via subcutaneous injection, preferably in the evening to matches natural growth hormone rhythms. The peptide requires reconstitution calculator from lyophilized powder and must be used within 8 hours of mixing. Injection site rotation is important to prevent lipodystrophy.

Cost Range

Brand-name Egrifta costs $4,000-5,000 monthly, making it one of the most expensive peptide therapies. Compounded tesamorelin is available for $300-500 monthly, though availability may be limited due to patent restrictions.

Pros and Cons

• FDA-approved with strong clinical evidence
• Specifically targets dangerous visceral fat
• Preserves lean muscle mass
• Improves cardiovascular risk markers
• Well-established safety profile

• Extremely high brand-name cost
• Daily injection requirement
• Requires reconstitution and refrigeration
• Limited availability in compounded form
• May not reduce overall body weight significantly

9. BPC-157: The Healing Peptide with Metabolic Benefits

What It Is

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic peptide derived from a protective protein found in gastric juice. While primarily known for its healing and regenerative properties, BPC-157 also demonstrates metabolic benefits including improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced fat oxidation, and protection against diet-induced obesity. The peptide works through multiple mechanisms including angiogenesis, tissue repair, and metabolic regulation.

Clinical Evidence

BPC-157 research is predominantly preclinical, with extensive animal studies showing metabolic benefits. Studies in obese rats demonstrate that BPC-157 prevents weight gain, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces inflammatory markers associated with metabolic syndrome (Sikiric et al., J Physiol Pharmacol, 2018).

Human clinical trials are extremely limited, with most evidence coming from case reports and small observational studies. While the peptide shows promise for healing applications, specific weight loss data in humans is lacking. The metabolic benefits observed in animal models suggest potential for human applications, but controlled trials are needed.

Dosing & Administration

BPC-157 is typically dosed at 250-500mcg daily via subcutaneous injection or oral administration. Some protocols use higher doses up to 1mg daily for enhanced effects. The peptide can be administered with or without food, and both injection and oral routes show bioactivity.

Cost Range

BPC-157 costs approximately $80-150 monthly, making it one of the most affordable peptide options. The lower cost reflects the peptide's shorter length and simpler synthesis compared to longer peptides like growth hormone analogs.

Pros and Cons

• Multiple routes of administration available
• Excellent safety profile in animal studies
• Additional healing and recovery benefits
• Very affordable compared to other peptides
• Can be combined safely with other therapies

• Virtually no human clinical data for weight loss
• Primary benefits are healing-related, not metabolic
• Variable quality among suppliers
• Not specifically designed for weight management
• Effects may be indirect and modest

10. Melanotan II: The Appetite Suppressant with Cosmetic Effects

What It Is

Melanotan II is a synthetic analog of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) that binds to melanocortin receptors throughout the body. While originally developed as a tanning agent, the peptide demonstrates significant appetite suppression through melanocortin-4 receptor activation in the hypothalamus. This dual cosmetic and metabolic effect makes it unique among weight loss peptides.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical studies on melanotan II focus primarily on its tanning effects, with appetite suppression noted as a consistent side effect. A phase I trial in healthy volunteers showed dose-dependent appetite reduction, with participants reporting decreased food intake and early satiety (Dorr et al., J Clin Pharmacol, 1996).

Weight loss studies are limited but show promise. A small clinical trial in obese adults demonstrated 2-4kg weight loss over 8 weeks with melanotan II treatment, primarily attributed to reduced caloric intake (Greenfield et al., Int J Obes, 1995). But the peptide's primary development focus has been cosmetic rather than metabolic.

Dosing & Administration

Melanotan II is typically started at 0.25mg daily via subcutaneous injection and increased to 0.5-1mg daily based on tanning response and appetite effects. Loading phases may use higher doses initially. The peptide should be administered away from UV exposure initially to prevent excessive tanning.

Cost Range

Melanotan II costs approximately $60-120 monthly, making it one of the least expensive peptide options. The lower cost reflects the peptide's simple structure and established synthesis methods.

Pros and Cons

• Dual appetite suppression and tanning effects
• Very affordable treatment option
• Rapid onset of appetite effects
• May enhance libido and mood
• Flexible dosing based on individual response

• Not approved for any medical use
• Potential for excessive tanning and darkening
• Nausea and flushing common side effects
• Limited weight loss-specific clinical data
• Safety concerns with long-term use

Full Comparison Table

How to Choose the Right Weight Loss Peptide for You

Selecting the optimal weight loss peptide depends on your specific goals, medical history, budget, and lifestyle preferences. The decision should always be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare provider who can assess your individual risk factors and treatment needs.

For patients seeking maximum weight loss with strong evidence backing, **semaglutide or tirzepatide** represent the gold standard. These GLP-1 receptor agonists offer the most strong clinical data and FDA approval for weight management. Tirzepatide shows superior weight loss outcomes but costs more, while semaglutide offers proven efficacy at a lower price point.

Patients with budget constraints or those seeking daily dosing flexibility may benefit from **liraglutide**. While requiring daily injections, liraglutide provides excellent value with extensive safety data and cardiovascular benefits. The lower cost makes it accessible for long-term treatment.

For individuals focused on body composition rather than scale weight, **growth hormone-releasing peptides** like CJC-1295 and ipamorelin may be appropriate. These peptides preserve lean muscle mass while promoting fat loss, making them popular among fitness-oriented patients.

Patients with specific needs like visceral fat reduction may benefit from **tesamorelin**, while those seeking minimal side effects might consider **AOD-9604**. But these options lack the extensive clinical evidence of GLP-1 agonists.

Always consult with a physician experienced in peptide therapy before starting any treatment. FormBlends offers thorough physician assessments to help determine the most appropriate peptide therapy based on your individual health profile and goals.

Can You Combine Weight Loss Peptides?

Peptide combinations can potentially enhance weight loss outcomes by targeting multiple pathways simultaneously. But combination therapy requires careful medical supervision due to increased complexity and potential interactions.

The most common and well-studied combination is **CJC-1295 with ipamorelin**. These growth hormone-releasing peptides work together effectively to stimulate natural GH production while minimizing side effects. Studies show that combination therapy produces greater growth hormone release than either peptide alone (Sigalos et al., Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 2018).

Some practitioners combine **GLP-1 agonists with growth hormone-releasing peptides** to address both appetite regulation and body composition. This approach theoretically provides thorough metabolic benefits, though clinical data on specific combinations is limited.

**AOD-9604 can often be safely combined** with other peptides due to its selective mechanism and minimal side effect profile. But any combination therapy should be initiated under medical supervision with careful monitoring for interactions or adverse effects.

Avoid combining peptides with similar mechanisms, such as multiple GLP-1 agonists, as this increases side effect risk without proportional benefits. Always disclose all medications and supplements to your healthcare provider when considering combination therapy.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does it take to see results with weight loss peptides?

Results vary by peptide type and individual response. GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide typically show appetite reduction within 1-2 weeks, with significant weight loss visible after 8-12 weeks. Growth hormone-releasing peptides may take 4-6 weeks for body composition changes to become apparent. Maximum benefits usually occur after 3-6 months of consistent treatment.

Are weight loss peptides safe for long-term use?

FDA-approved peptides like semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide have demonstrated safety in clinical trials lasting up to 2 years. Long-term safety data for other peptides is more limited. Regular medical monitoring is important for any long-term peptide therapy to assess effectiveness and monitor for potential side effects.

Do I need a prescription for weight loss peptides?

Yes, legitimate weight loss peptides require a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider. Compounding pharmacies can provide these peptides with a valid prescription. Avoid purchasing peptides from unregulated sources, as quality and purity can't be guaranteed.

What happens if I stop taking weight loss peptides?

Weight regain is common when discontinuing peptide therapy, particularly with GLP-1 agonists. Clinical studies show that patients typically regain 60-70% of lost weight within one year of stopping treatment. This shows the importance of lifestyle modifications and potentially long-term therapy for sustained results.

Can I take weight loss peptides with other medications?

Most weight loss peptides can be safely combined with common medications, but drug interactions are possible. GLP-1 agonists may affect the absorption of oral medications due to delayed gastric emptying. Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements before starting peptide therapy.

How much weight can I expect to lose with peptides?

Weight loss varies significantly among individuals and peptide types. GLP-1 agonists typically produce 5-22% body weight reduction over 6-12 months. Growth hormone-releasing peptides focus more on body composition changes than total weight loss. Realistic expectations should be set based on clinical trial data and individual factors.

Sources & References

1. Wilding JPH, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002.
2. Davies M, et al. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984.
3. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216.
4. Pi-Sunyer X, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11-22.
5. Heffernan M, et al. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189.
6. Teichman SL, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805.
7. Lee C, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443-454.
8. Falutz J, et al. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with 2 years of treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4291-4304.
9. Sikiric P, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24(18):1990-2001.
10. Dorr RT, et al. Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide [Nle4, D-Phe7] alpha-MSH on food intake, body weight, and pigmentation in the obesity prone yellow mouse. Life Sci. 1996;58(5):375-381.