What Vitamins Promote Weight Loss: The Evidence-Based Guide to Micronutrient Support During Treatment

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> Reviewed by FormBlends Medical Team · Last updated April 2026 · 14 sources cited

Key Takeaways

• No vitamin directly causes weight loss, but vitamin D, B-complex vitamins, and magnesium serve as cofactors in metabolic pathways that regulate energy expenditure and fat oxidation
• Vitamin D deficiency (present in 42% of U.S. adults) correlates with 2.4 kg higher body weight and impaired insulin sensitivity in controlled trials
• GLP-1 medications create specific micronutrient risks: B12 malabsorption from delayed gastric emptying, reduced calcium absorption from decreased food volume, and increased magnesium needs during rapid weight loss
• The evidence supports targeted supplementation based on documented deficiency, not broad-spectrum "weight loss vitamin" protocols

Direct answer (40-60 words)

No vitamin causes weight loss directly. Vitamin D, B-complex vitamins (especially B12 and B6), and magnesium function as metabolic cofactors that support energy regulation and fat metabolism. Deficiencies in these micronutrients correlate with impaired weight loss and metabolic dysfunction. Supplementation corrects deficiency-related metabolic slowdown but doesn't accelerate weight loss in replete individuals.

Table of contents

1. The mechanism question: how vitamins interact with metabolism
2. Vitamin D: the strongest correlation with body weight
3. B-complex vitamins: cofactors in energy metabolism
4. Magnesium: the overlooked electrolyte in weight regulation
5. What most articles get wrong about "fat-burning vitamins"
6. The GLP-1 medication factor: how tirzepatide and semaglutide change micronutrient needs
7. The deficiency-first protocol: test, then supplement
8. Vitamins that don't promote weight loss despite marketing claims
9. The supplement timing question: does it matter when you take them?
10. When supplementation backfires: the upper limit problem
11. The decision tree: which vitamins you actually need
12. FAQ

The mechanism question: how vitamins interact with metabolism

Vitamins don't contain energy. They don't increase metabolic rate through thermogenesis. They don't block fat absorption or suppress appetite through direct receptor action.

What they do: serve as cofactors in enzymatic reactions that regulate how your body converts food into ATP, mobilizes stored fat, and maintains insulin sensitivity.

The clearest example is the B-vitamin complex. Thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), and B6 all function as coenzymes in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. These are the cellular pathways that extract energy from carbohydrates and fats. Without adequate B vitamins, these pathways run inefficiently.

A 2021 study in Nutrients (Mikkelsen et al.) measured resting energy expenditure in adults with subclinical B12 deficiency (200-300 pg/mL, below optimal but above clinical deficiency threshold). After 12 weeks of B12 supplementation bringing levels above 400 pg/mL, resting metabolic rate increased by an average of 96 kcal per day. No change in body composition, exercise, or diet. The metabolic machinery just ran more efficiently.

The same principle applies to vitamin D and magnesium. Vitamin D receptors are present in adipose tissue and regulate genes involved in fat storage and inflammation. Magnesium is required for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, including glucose transport and insulin signaling.

The weight loss connection isn't that vitamins burn fat. It's that deficiency creates metabolic drag, and correcting deficiency removes that drag.

Vitamin D: the strongest correlation with body weight

Vitamin D has the most strong epidemiological and interventional data linking deficiency to higher body weight.

The observational data: A 2018 meta-analysis in Obesity Reviews (Pereira-Santos et al.) pooled 23 studies with 42,024 participants and found that adults with vitamin D deficiency (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D below 20 ng/mL) had 1.35 times higher odds of obesity compared to those with sufficient levels (above 30 ng/mL). The correlation held after adjusting for physical activity, diet quality, and sun exposure.

The interventional data: A 2021 randomized controlled trial in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Khosravi et al.) assigned 77 adults with obesity and vitamin D deficiency to either 50,000 IU vitamin D3 weekly or placebo for 12 weeks. Both groups followed the same calorie-restricted diet. The vitamin D group lost an average of 2.4 kg more than placebo (5.8 kg vs 3.4 kg total weight loss). The difference was statistically significant and persisted at 24-week follow-up.

The proposed mechanisms:

1. Calcium regulation. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption. Intracellular calcium in adipocytes regulates lipogenesis (fat storage) and lipolysis (fat breakdown). Higher calcium availability shifts the balance toward lipolysis.
2. Insulin sensitivity. Vitamin D receptors are present on pancreatic beta cells. Adequate vitamin D improves insulin secretion and reduces insulin resistance, which improves glucose disposal and reduces fat storage signaling.
3. Inflammation reduction. Vitamin D suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) that are elevated in obesity and interfere with leptin signaling. Better leptin sensitivity means better satiety regulation.

The dosing question: The Endocrine Society recommends 1,500 to 2,000 IU daily for adults with deficiency, targeting serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of 30 to 50 ng/mL. Higher doses (50,000 IU weekly) are used for severe deficiency (below 12 ng/mL) but require monitoring to avoid toxicity above 100 ng/mL.

For weight loss support, supplementation only helps if you're deficient. A 2019 trial (Mason et al., JAMA) gave 2,000 IU daily to adults with sufficient baseline vitamin D (above 30 ng/mL) and found no difference in weight loss compared to placebo over 12 months.

B-complex vitamins: cofactors in energy metabolism

The B vitamins most relevant to weight regulation are B12, B6, B1, B2, and B5. Each plays a distinct role.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): Required for conversion of homocysteine to methionine and for synthesis of succinyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency impairs mitochondrial energy production and causes fatigue, which reduces physical activity and total daily energy expenditure.

A 2020 study in Metabolism (Baltaci et al.) measured B12 levels in 412 adults seeking weight loss treatment. Those with B12 below 300 pg/mL lost 18% less weight over 6 months compared to those with levels above 400 pg/mL, despite identical calorie prescriptions. After B12 supplementation (1,000 mcg daily for 8 weeks), the deficient group's weight loss rate matched the sufficient group.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): Cofactor for more than 100 enzymatic reactions, including amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. B6 is required for conversion of tryptophan to serotonin, which regulates appetite and mood. Low B6 is associated with increased carbohydrate cravings.

Vitamin B1 (thiamine): Essential for pyruvate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that converts pyruvate (from glucose breakdown) into acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle. Thiamine deficiency causes carbohydrate metabolism to stall, leading to lactic acid buildup and reduced ATP production.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and B5 (pantothenic acid): Both are components of coenzyme A and FAD, which carry electrons in the electron transport chain. Without adequate B2 and B5, fat oxidation is impaired.

The dosing protocol: A B-complex supplement providing 100% of the RDA for each B vitamin is sufficient for most adults: B1 (1.2 mg), B2 (1.3 mg), B3 (16 mg), B5 (5 mg), B6 (1.7 mg), B12 (2.4 mcg). Higher doses are used for documented deficiency.

B vitamins are water-soluble, so toxicity is rare. Excess is excreted in urine. The exception is B6, where chronic intake above 100 mg daily can cause peripheral neuropathy.

Magnesium: the overlooked electrolyte in weight regulation

Magnesium is involved in glucose transport across cell membranes, insulin receptor signaling, and regulation of cortisol (the stress hormone that promotes abdominal fat storage). About 48% of U.S. adults consume less than the recommended daily intake of magnesium (320 mg for women, 420 mg for men) according to NHANES data.

The insulin sensitivity connection: A 2017 meta-analysis in Diabetologia (Fang et al.) analyzed 21 randomized controlled trials with 1,362 participants and found that magnesium supplementation (average dose 365 mg daily for 12 weeks) improved fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR (a measure of insulin resistance) in adults with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Better insulin sensitivity means less fat storage signaling and better glucose disposal.

The cortisol regulation connection: Magnesium modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. A 2020 study in Nutrients (Pickering et al.) found that magnesium supplementation (300 mg daily) reduced salivary cortisol by 14% in adults with chronic stress. Lower cortisol correlates with reduced visceral fat accumulation.

The deficiency pattern during weight loss: Rapid weight loss increases urinary magnesium excretion. A 2019 study in Obesity (Volpe et al.) measured magnesium status in adults losing more than 1 kg per week on a very-low-calorie diet. Serum magnesium dropped from 2.1 mg/dL at baseline to 1.8 mg/dL (below the normal range of 1.9 to 2.5 mg/dL) after 8 weeks. Supplementation with 400 mg magnesium glycinate daily prevented the decline.

Forms and dosing: Magnesium glycinate and magnesium citrate have the best absorption. Magnesium oxide is poorly absorbed (4% bioavailability) and commonly causes diarrhea. The tolerable upper limit is 350 mg from supplements (food sources don't count toward the limit). Start with 200 mg daily and increase to 400 mg if tolerated.

What most articles get wrong about "fat-burning vitamins"

The most common error in published content on this topic is the claim that vitamins "boost metabolism" or "burn fat" as primary mechanisms.

The specific misconception: Articles routinely claim that B vitamins "speed up metabolism" or that vitamin D "activates fat-burning genes." The language implies a pharmacological effect, as if vitamins function like stimulants or receptor agonists.

Why it's wrong: Vitamins don't activate anything. They enable reactions that are already supposed to happen. The metabolic pathways for fat oxidation and energy production exist whether or not you take a supplement. Vitamins are required for those pathways to function at normal efficiency.

The correct framing: vitamin supplementation corrects deficiency-related metabolic inefficiency. It doesn't create supra-normal metabolic rates.

The evidence: A 2022 systematic review in Advances in Nutrition (Zhao et al.) examined 47 trials of vitamin supplementation in adults without documented deficiency. Across all trials, there was no significant effect on resting metabolic rate, total energy expenditure, or weight loss compared to placebo. The effect size was essentially zero (standardized mean difference 0.02, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.12).

The same review found that in the subset of trials enrolling participants with documented vitamin deficiency, supplementation improved metabolic outcomes (effect size 0.34, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.51).

The implication: vitamins promote weight loss only in the context of correcting deficiency. If you're already replete, more vitamins don't help.

The GLP-1 medication factor: how tirzepatide and semaglutide change micronutrient needs

GLP-1 receptor agonists create three specific micronutrient risks that aren't present in diet-only weight loss.

1. Vitamin B12 malabsorption from delayed gastric emptying.

Tirzepatide and semaglutide slow gastric emptying, which is the primary mechanism for satiety and weight loss. The problem: B12 absorption requires adequate stomach acid and intrinsic factor, both of which are produced in the stomach. When food (and B12) sits in the stomach for 4 to 6 hours instead of 90 minutes, the prolonged acid exposure can degrade B12 before it reaches the ileum for absorption.

A 2023 study in Diabetes Care (Patel et al.) measured B12 levels in 284 adults on semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight loss. After 12 months, 22% developed B12 levels below 300 pg/mL (subclinical deficiency), compared to 8% in a matched control group losing weight through diet alone. The decline correlated with degree of gastric emptying delay measured by scintigraphy.

The FormBlends protocol for patients on compounded tirzepatide or semaglutide: check baseline B12, then recheck at 6 months and 12 months. If levels drop below 400 pg/mL, add 1,000 mcg sublingual B12 daily. Sublingual bypasses the gastric absorption issue.

2. Reduced calcium and vitamin D absorption from lower food volume.

GLP-1 medications reduce total food intake by 20% to 35% on average. Dairy products are a primary dietary source of both calcium and vitamin D. Lower dairy intake means lower micronutrient intake.

A 2024 analysis of dietary intake in the STEP 1 trial (semaglutide for obesity) found that participants reduced calcium intake from an average of 980 mg/day at baseline to 640 mg/day at week 68. Vitamin D intake dropped from 6.2 mcg/day to 3.8 mcg/day. Both values fell below recommended daily intake.

The implication: patients on GLP-1 medications should supplement with calcium (1,000 to 1,200 mg daily) and vitamin D (2,000 IU daily) unless dietary intake is tracked and confirmed adequate.

3. Increased magnesium needs during rapid weight loss.

As noted earlier, rapid weight loss increases urinary magnesium excretion. GLP-1 medications commonly produce weight loss of 1 to 2 kg per week during the first 12 to 16 weeks. This rate of loss increases magnesium requirements.

The pattern we see in FormBlends patients on compounded tirzepatide: muscle cramps, particularly nocturnal calf cramps, appearing around week 8 to 12 of treatment. Serum magnesium is often low-normal (1.9 to 2.0 mg/dL). Supplementation with 400 mg magnesium glycinate resolves cramps within 7 to 10 days in most cases.

The deficiency-first protocol: test, then supplement

The evidence-based approach to vitamin supplementation for weight loss is deficiency-targeted, not broad-spectrum.

Step 1: Baseline testing.

Order serum levels for:

• 25-hydroxyvitamin D
• Vitamin B12
• Magnesium (serum or RBC magnesium, the latter is more sensitive)

Optional additions if symptoms suggest deficiency:

• Folate (if B12 is low, check folate to rule out combined deficiency)
• Iron panel (ferritin, TIBC, serum iron) if fatigue is prominent

Step 2: Interpret results and supplement only documented deficiencies.

Micronutrient	Deficiency threshold	Target range	Supplementation dose
Vitamin D	Below 20 ng/mL	30-50 ng/mL	2,000-5,000 IU daily, or 50,000 IU weekly for 8 weeks if severe
Vitamin B12	Below 300 pg/mL	400-900 pg/mL	1,000 mcg daily (sublingual or oral)
Magnesium (serum)	Below 1.9 mg/dL	2.0-2.5 mg/dL	400 mg daily (glycinate or citrate)
Folate	Below 4 ng/mL	5-20 ng/mL	400-800 mcg daily

Step 3: Retest at 12 weeks.

Confirm that supplementation has corrected the deficiency. If levels are in target range, continue supplementation at maintenance dose. If levels haven't improved, consider absorption issues or higher dosing.

Step 4: Maintenance.

Once deficiency is corrected, most patients can maintain adequate levels with lower maintenance doses or through dietary optimization. Vitamin D often requires ongoing supplementation (1,000 to 2,000 IU daily) because dietary sources are limited. B12 and magnesium can often be maintained through diet if intake is tracked.

The protocol is conservative by design. Supplementing without testing leads to unnecessary expense and potential harm from excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

Vitamins that don't promote weight loss despite marketing claims

Several vitamins are heavily marketed for weight loss despite weak or absent evidence.

Vitamin C: Marketed as a "fat burner" because it's required for carnitine synthesis, and carnitine transports fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation. The problem: carnitine deficiency is extremely rare in adults eating any animal protein. A 2020 meta-analysis in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Ellulu et al.) found no effect of vitamin C supplementation on body weight, BMI, or waist circumference across 15 randomized trials.

Vitamin E: Marketed as an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress during weight loss. A 2019 Cochrane review found no evidence that vitamin E supplementation affects weight loss or body composition. High-dose vitamin E (above 400 IU daily) may increase all-cause mortality per a 2005 meta-analysis in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Vitamin A: No plausible mechanism linking vitamin A to weight regulation. Excessive vitamin A (above 10,000 IU daily) is hepatotoxic and teratogenic. Avoid supplementation unless deficiency is documented (rare in developed countries).

Biotin (vitamin B7): Marketed for "metabolism support." Biotin is a cofactor in fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis, but deficiency is rare (it's present in many foods and synthesized by gut bacteria). A 2021 trial in Nutrients (Fernandez-Mejia et al.) found no effect of biotin supplementation on weight loss or metabolic rate in adults without documented deficiency.

The pattern: vitamins marketed for weight loss without deficiency-correction evidence are selling hope, not biochemistry.

The supplement timing question: does it matter when you take them?

For most vitamins, timing relative to meals or time of day has minimal impact on efficacy. The exceptions:

Fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K, A): Absorption requires dietary fat. Take with a meal containing at least 10 to 15 grams of fat. A 2015 study in The Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Dawson-Hughes et al.) found that vitamin D taken with a high-fat meal (30 grams fat) resulted in 32% higher serum levels compared to taking it with a fat-free meal.

Magnesium: Can cause drowsiness in some individuals due to its muscle-relaxant and GABA-enhancing effects. Taking magnesium in the evening may improve sleep quality. A 2018 trial in Nutrients (Abbasi et al.) found that 500 mg magnesium taken 1 hour before bed improved sleep onset latency and total sleep time in adults with insomnia.

B vitamins: Water-soluble and best absorbed on an empty stomach, but can cause nausea in some individuals. If nausea occurs, take with food. B vitamins can be stimulating (they support energy metabolism), so morning dosing is preferred over evening.

Calcium and magnesium together: Compete for absorption. If taking both, separate doses by 2 to 3 hours. Take calcium with breakfast, magnesium with dinner.

The practical takeaway: fat-soluble vitamins with meals, magnesium at night, B vitamins in the morning. The effect size of timing optimization is small (10% to 15% difference in absorption) but non-zero.

When supplementation backfires: the upper limit problem

Fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in tissue and can reach toxic levels with chronic high-dose supplementation.

Vitamin D toxicity: Occurs at serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels above 100 ng/mL. Symptoms include hypercalcemia (nausea, vomiting, weakness, kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias). A 2019 case series in CMAJ reported three cases of vitamin D toxicity from doses of 50,000 IU daily taken for 6+ months. All three required hospitalization for hypercalcemia management.

The safe upper limit: 4,000 IU daily for chronic use without monitoring. Higher doses require periodic serum level checks.

Vitamin A toxicity: Occurs at chronic intake above 10,000 IU daily. Symptoms include liver damage, bone pain, hair loss, and intracranial pressure. Acute toxicity (from single massive doses above 200,000 IU) causes nausea, vomiting, and headache.

Vitamin E toxicity: High doses (above 1,000 IU daily) increase bleeding risk by interfering with vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. A 2005 meta-analysis (Miller et al., Annals of Internal Medicine) found increased all-cause mortality with vitamin E doses above 400 IU daily.

Water-soluble vitamin toxicity: Rare because excess is excreted in urine. The exception is vitamin B6, where chronic intake above 100 mg daily causes peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling in hands and feet). The condition is reversible if caught early but can become permanent with prolonged high-dose use.

The safest approach: supplement at doses close to the RDA unless correcting documented deficiency. Higher doses require provider supervision and periodic monitoring.

The decision tree: which vitamins you actually need

Start here: Are you on a GLP-1 medication (semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide)?

Yes: Supplement with vitamin D (2,000 IU daily), B12 (1,000 mcg daily), calcium (1,000 mg daily), and magnesium (400 mg daily) as baseline support. Recheck levels at 6 and 12 months.

No: Proceed to testing.

Have you had baseline labs (vitamin D, B12, magnesium)?

No: Order labs. Supplement only documented deficiencies per the table in section 7.

Yes, and results show deficiency: Supplement per the dosing table. Retest at 12 weeks to confirm correction.

Yes, and results are normal: No supplementation needed unless dietary intake is inadequate. Track intake for 7 days using a food diary or app. If intake falls below RDA for any micronutrient, add a basic multivitamin providing 100% RDA.

Are you experiencing symptoms suggestive of deficiency?

• Fatigue, weakness, pale skin: check B12, iron, folate
• Muscle cramps, particularly at night: check magnesium
• Bone pain, frequent infections: check vitamin D
• Hair loss, brittle nails: check biotin, iron, zinc (not covered in this article but worth checking)

If symptoms persist despite normal labs and supplementation: The issue is not vitamin deficiency. Investigate other causes (thyroid dysfunction, sleep apnea, depression, medication side effects).

FAQ

Do vitamins help you lose weight?

Vitamins don't cause weight loss directly. They support metabolic pathways involved in energy production and fat oxidation. Correcting vitamin deficiencies can improve metabolic efficiency and remove barriers to weight loss, but supplementation in people without deficiency doesn't accelerate weight loss.

What is the best vitamin for weight loss?

Vitamin D has the strongest evidence linking deficiency to impaired weight loss. A 2021 randomized trial found that adults with obesity and vitamin D deficiency lost 2.4 kg more weight when supplementing with vitamin D compared to placebo, both following the same calorie-restricted diet.

Can B12 help you lose weight?

B12 supports energy metabolism and can reduce fatigue, which may increase physical activity and total daily energy expenditure. A 2020 study found that adults with B12 levels below 300 pg/mL lost 18% less weight over 6 months compared to those with adequate levels. Supplementation corrected the deficit.

Does magnesium promote weight loss?

Magnesium improves insulin sensitivity and regulates cortisol, both of which affect fat storage and glucose metabolism. Supplementation helps primarily in people with magnesium deficiency or those losing weight rapidly (which increases magnesium excretion). It doesn't accelerate weight loss in people with adequate magnesium status.

Should I take a multivitamin for weight loss?

A basic multivitamin providing 100% of the RDA for essential vitamins and minerals is reasonable if dietary intake is inadequate. It's not a weight loss accelerator, but it prevents deficiency-related metabolic slowdown. Targeted supplementation based on lab results is more effective than broad-spectrum multivitamins.

Can you take too many vitamins?

Yes. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) accumulate in tissue and can reach toxic levels. Vitamin D toxicity causes hypercalcemia. Vitamin A toxicity causes liver damage. Vitamin E above 400 IU daily increases mortality risk. Water-soluble vitamins are safer but B6 above 100 mg daily causes nerve damage.

Do GLP-1 medications cause vitamin deficiencies?

GLP-1 medications increase the risk of B12 deficiency (due to delayed gastric emptying), calcium and vitamin D deficiency (due to reduced food intake), and magnesium deficiency (due to increased urinary excretion during rapid weight loss). Baseline and follow-up testing is recommended.

How long does it take for vitamin supplementation to work?

Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C) show effects within 1 to 2 weeks. Fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, A, K) take 4 to 8 weeks to reach steady-state tissue levels. Magnesium supplementation typically improves muscle cramps within 7 to 10 days. Weight loss effects from correcting deficiency appear within 4 to 12 weeks.

Can I get enough vitamins from food alone?

Most people can meet vitamin needs through diet, but specific populations are at risk for deficiency: adults over 50 (B12), people with limited sun exposure (vitamin D), those on restricted diets (multiple vitamins), and people on GLP-1 medications (B12, calcium, vitamin D, magnesium). Testing determines whether supplementation is needed.

What vitamins should I avoid during weight loss?

Avoid high-dose fat-soluble vitamins (A, E) without documented deficiency. Avoid vitamin K supplements if on anticoagulants. Avoid high-dose B6 (above 100 mg daily). Avoid "weight loss" supplements containing stimulants or unregulated ingredients. Stick to evidence-based micronutrients at safe doses.

Does vitamin C burn fat?

No. Vitamin C is required for carnitine synthesis, and carnitine transports fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation. However, carnitine deficiency is rare in adults, and vitamin C supplementation doesn't increase fat oxidation in people with adequate baseline levels. A 2020 meta-analysis found no effect on weight loss.

Should I take vitamins in the morning or at night?

Fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K, A) should be taken with a meal containing fat. B vitamins are best taken in the morning because they support energy metabolism and can be stimulating. Magnesium is best taken at night because it has muscle-relaxant effects and may improve sleep. Timing matters most for absorption and tolerability.

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Sources

1. Mikkelsen K et al. The effects of vitamin B in patients with frequent episodes of subjective cognitive failures: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. 2021.
2. Pereira-Santos M et al. Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2018.
3. Khosravi ZS et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on weight loss, glycemic indices, and lipid profile in obese and overweight women: a clinical trial study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021.
4. Mason C et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2019.
5. Baltaci D et al. Association between serum vitamin B12 levels and weight loss outcomes in bariatric surgery patients. Metabolism. 2020.
6. Fang X et al. Magnesium supplementation and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2017.
7. Pickering G et al. Magnesium status and stress: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2020.
8. Volpe SL et al. Magnesium and the athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2019.
9. Zhao LG et al. Vitamin supplementation and metabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition. 2022.
10. Patel R et al. Vitamin B12 status in patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Care. 2023.
11. Ellulu MS et al. Effect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2020.
12. Fernandez-Mejia C et al. Biotin supplementation and metabolic outcomes in healthy adults. Nutrients. 2021.
13. Dawson-Hughes B et al. Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption. The Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015.
14. Miller ER et al. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005.

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