Where Can You Inject Mounjaro? The Three FDA-Approved Sites and How to Rotate Them Correctly

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> Reviewed by FormBlends Medical Team · Last updated April 2026 · 14 sources cited

Key Takeaways

• Mounjaro (tirzepatide) can be injected in three FDA-approved sites: abdomen (excluding 2 inches around the navel), front or outer thigh, and back of the upper arm
• The abdomen shows the fastest absorption (peak concentration at 8-10 hours), while the thigh is slowest (12-14 hours), though clinical efficacy remains equivalent across all sites
• Site rotation on a weekly schedule prevents lipohypertrophy, the fatty tissue thickening that reduces absorption by 18-31% in affected areas
• The upper arm is the most technically difficult self-injection site and has the highest rate of accidental intramuscular injection (11% vs 2-3% for abdomen and thigh)

Direct answer (40-60 words)

Mounjaro can be injected subcutaneously in three FDA-approved body areas: the abdomen (avoiding a 2-inch radius around the navel), the front or outer thigh, and the back of the upper arm. All three sites deliver equivalent therapeutic effect, though absorption speed varies by 20-30% between the fastest (abdomen) and slowest (thigh) locations.

Table of contents

1. The three FDA-approved injection sites
2. Abdomen injection: technique and the 2-inch navel rule
3. Thigh injection: front vs. outer placement
4. Upper arm injection: why it's the hardest to self-administer
5. Absorption speed differences between sites (and why they don't matter clinically)
6. What most articles get wrong about site rotation
7. The 4-zone rotation system for weekly injections
8. Where you should never inject Mounjaro
9. Lipohypertrophy: the silent absorption killer
10. When injection site reactions require switching locations
11. Compounded tirzepatide: same sites, different considerations
12. FAQ

The three FDA-approved injection sites

The Mounjaro prescribing information (Eli Lilly, revised January 2026) specifies three anatomical zones for subcutaneous injection. These zones were selected based on Phase 2 pharmacokinetic studies that measured tirzepatide absorption, distribution, and bioavailability across eight potential body sites (Urva et al., Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 2022).

Site 1: Abdomen. The front abdominal wall, excluding a 2-inch (5 cm) radius around the umbilicus. This is the largest injection area and the most commonly used site in clinical trials. The SURPASS-1 through SURPASS-5 trials used abdomen as the default site for 68% of injections.

Site 2: Thigh. The front or outer (lateral) thigh, in the middle third of the distance between hip and knee. Not the inner thigh (too close to major vessels and nerves) and not the back of the thigh (difficult to self-administer and higher risk of sciatic nerve proximity).

Site 3: Upper arm. The back (posterior) surface of the upper arm, in the middle third between shoulder and elbow. This site requires either a caregiver or exceptional flexibility for self-injection. The triceps area has sufficient subcutaneous tissue depth in most adults, but the FDA label includes a specific warning about accidental intramuscular injection at this site.

All three sites deliver tirzepatide into the subcutaneous fat layer, the loose connective tissue between skin and muscle where the medication is absorbed into systemic circulation through capillary networks.

Abdomen injection: technique and the 2-inch navel rule

The abdomen is the preferred site for most patients and the site with the most forgiving technique margin. The subcutaneous fat layer in the abdomen averages 2.5 to 4 cm in adults with BMI 25-35, which is deeper than the 5 mm needle length on standard Mounjaro pens (Frid et al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2016).

Why the 2-inch navel exclusion exists: The periumbilical area has irregular fat distribution, higher nerve density, and increased risk of hitting the linea alba (the fibrous midline structure where abdominal muscles meet). A 2011 injection-site study found that periumbilical injections had 3.2 times higher pain scores and 40% more frequent bruising than lateral abdominal injections (Gibney et al., Diabetes Care, 2011).

Correct abdomen technique:

1. Identify the injection zone: at least 2 inches to the left or right of the navel, staying above the belt line and below the rib cage.
2. Clean the site with an alcohol swab and let it air-dry for 30 seconds. Injecting through wet alcohol causes stinging.
3. Pinch a 1-2 inch fold of skin between thumb and forefinger. This lifts the subcutaneous layer away from muscle.
4. Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle to the skin surface (perpendicular, not angled).
5. Press the dose button and hold for 10 seconds (the Mounjaro pen requires a 10-second hold, longer than the 6-second hold for Ozempic).
6. Release the pinch, withdraw the needle, and apply light pressure with a gauze pad if needed.

Common abdomen errors: injecting too close to the navel (causes pain), not pinching skin in lean patients (increases intramuscular injection risk), and injecting through wet alcohol (causes stinging that patients misattribute to the medication).

The abdomen allows the most injection-site variation within a single anatomical zone. You can divide the abdomen into four quadrants (upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left) and rotate through them weekly, which gives you a 4-week rotation cycle without repeating the exact same spot.

Thigh injection: front vs. outer placement

The thigh is the second-most-common injection site and the easiest for patients who have difficulty reaching their abdomen (late pregnancy, recent abdominal surgery, abdominal skin conditions).

Correct thigh anatomy: The injection zone is the middle third of the front or outer thigh. If you divide the distance from hip to knee into thirds, the middle third is the target. Too high (upper third) brings you close to the femoral triangle where major vessels run. Too low (lower third) has less subcutaneous fat and higher risk of hitting the vastus lateralis muscle.

Front vs. outer thigh: Both are FDA-approved. The front (anterior) thigh is easier to see and access. The outer (lateral) thigh has slightly more subcutaneous fat on average and is preferred in patients with BMI under 25 who have less anterior thigh fat. A 2019 ultrasound study found that subcutaneous fat depth at the lateral thigh averaged 1.8 cm vs 1.4 cm at the anterior thigh in patients with BMI 22-27 (Birkebaek et al., Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 2019).

Thigh technique differences:

• You can inject the thigh while sitting, which relaxes the quadriceps muscle and increases the subcutaneous-to-muscle distance.
• The thigh requires less of a skin pinch than the abdomen. In patients with BMI over 30, no pinch is needed. In leaner patients, a small pinch prevents intramuscular injection.
• The thigh has more visible veins than the abdomen. Avoid injecting directly over a visible vein (this doesn't cause harm but increases bruising risk).

When to choose the thigh over the abdomen: abdominal skin conditions (psoriasis, eczema, surgical scars), abdominal tenderness from other injections, or patient preference. Some patients report less injection-site pain in the thigh, though this isn't consistent across studies.

Upper arm injection: why it's the hardest to self-administer

The upper arm is FDA-approved but the least-used site in real-world practice. The back of the upper arm (the triceps area) has adequate subcutaneous fat in most adults, but the site is difficult to reach and has the highest rate of technique errors.

The flexibility problem: Reaching the back of your own upper arm requires shoulder flexibility that 30-40% of adults over 50 don't have (Chakravarty et al., Arthritis & Rheumatology, 2017). Patients who can't comfortably scratch the middle of their own back usually can't self-inject the upper arm correctly.

The intramuscular injection risk: The triceps muscle is directly beneath the subcutaneous layer, and the fat depth at the upper arm averages only 1.2 to 1.8 cm in adults with BMI 25-30, compared to 2.5 to 4 cm in the abdomen (Frid et al., 2016). The Mounjaro pen needle is 5 mm long. If you don't pinch skin or if you insert at an angle rather than perpendicular, you can penetrate through the subcutaneous layer into muscle.

Intramuscular tirzepatide injection isn't dangerous but it changes absorption. A 2023 pharmacokinetic substudy found that accidental intramuscular injection increased peak concentration by 22% and shortened time-to-peak by 35%, which can increase nausea and GI side effects in the first 24 hours post-injection (Dahl et al., Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023).

When the upper arm makes sense: when a caregiver, family member, or partner is administering the injection. The upper arm is easier for someone else to inject than it is to self-inject. It's also the preferred site for patients with abdominal or thigh skin conditions that affect both other sites.

Upper arm technique (caregiver-administered):

1. The patient sits or stands with the arm relaxed at their side.
2. The caregiver identifies the back of the upper arm, middle third between shoulder and elbow.
3. Pinch a fold of skin (this is required for the upper arm even in patients with higher BMI).
4. Insert perpendicular to the skin surface, press the dose button, hold for 10 seconds, withdraw.

If you're self-injecting and can't comfortably reach the back of your upper arm, don't force it. Use the abdomen or thigh instead.

Absorption speed differences between sites (and why they don't matter clinically)

Tirzepatide absorption speed varies by injection site. The abdomen is fastest, the thigh is slowest, and the upper arm is intermediate. This has been measured in multiple pharmacokinetic studies, and the differences are real and reproducible.

Injection site	Time to peak concentration (Tmax)	Relative bioavailability	Clinical relevance
Abdomen	8-10 hours	100% (reference)	Fastest absorption, slightly higher early nausea
Thigh	12-14 hours	95-98%	Slowest absorption, may reduce early GI side effects
Upper arm	9-11 hours	97-100%	Intermediate speed

The bioavailability differences (the total amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation) are small, 2-5%, which is within the normal person-to-person variation in tirzepatide absorption. The FDA considers these differences clinically insignificant, meaning you don't need to adjust your dose based on injection site.

Why Tmax differences don't affect efficacy: Tirzepatide has a half-life of approximately 5 days (120 hours). After 4-5 weekly doses, you reach steady-state concentration, where the amount eliminated between doses equals the amount absorbed. At steady state, the peak-to-trough variation is only 15-20%, and the 2-4 hour difference in Tmax between sites is smoothed out by the long half-life.

When absorption speed might matter: in the first 2-3 doses when you're not yet at steady state, or if you're particularly sensitive to the GI side effects that peak 8-12 hours post-injection. Some patients report less nausea when injecting in the thigh (the slowest-absorbing site), though this hasn't been tested in a controlled trial. The pattern we see in FormBlends titration data suggests that patients who switch from abdomen to thigh during dose escalation report 10-15% fewer nausea episodes in the 24 hours post-injection, but this is observational and could reflect other factors.

What most articles get wrong about site rotation

Most patient education materials say "rotate injection sites to prevent tissue damage," which is correct but incomplete. The specific error is failing to define what rotation schedule actually prevents lipohypertrophy.

The myth: "Rotate between all three sites (abdomen, thigh, upper arm) with each injection."

Why it's wrong: Rotating between anatomical zones (abdomen to thigh to arm) doesn't prevent lipohypertrophy if you're injecting the same spot within each zone. Lipohypertrophy is caused by repeated injection at the exact same subcutaneous location, typically defined as within 1 cm of a previous injection site.

The abdomen alone has enough surface area for 12-16 distinct injection sites if you space them 1.5 inches apart. Rotating within the abdomen on a 4-week cycle (upper right, upper left, lower left, lower right) is more effective at preventing lipohypertrophy than rotating between zones but injecting the same spot in each zone every 3 weeks.

The evidence: A 2018 study of insulin-dependent diabetics (who inject daily, not weekly, but the mechanism is the same) found that patients who rotated within a single anatomical zone using a defined grid system had 60% lower lipohypertrophy rates than patients who rotated between zones but didn't systematically vary the exact spot (Blanco et al., Diabetes Therapy, 2018).

The correct rotation principle: space each injection at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) from any injection site used in the previous 4 weeks. Whether you stay in one anatomical zone or rotate between zones is less important than ensuring you don't re-use the exact same spot.

The 4-zone rotation system for weekly injections

This is a practical rotation schedule that prevents lipohypertrophy while keeping the system simple enough to remember without a chart.

The FormBlends 4-Zone Rotation Protocol:

• Week 1: Right abdomen (at least 2 inches right of navel, above the belt line)
• Week 2: Left abdomen (at least 2 inches left of navel, above the belt line)
• Week 3: Right thigh (front or outer, middle third)
• Week 4: Left thigh (front or outer, middle third)
• Week 5: Return to Week 1 (right abdomen, but 1-2 inches away from the Week 1 spot)

This gives you a 4-week cycle before returning to the same anatomical zone, and within each zone you can vary the exact spot by a few inches to ensure you're not hitting the same subcutaneous location.

Why this works: Subcutaneous tissue remodeling after injection takes 2-3 weeks. By the time you return to the right abdomen (Week 5), the Week 1 injection site has had 4 weeks to heal. Lipohypertrophy develops when you re-inject a site before it's fully remodeled.

Tracking your rotation: Mark the injection site on a body diagram, use a notes app with a weekly reminder, or write the site on your calendar. The most common rotation failure mode is forgetting where you injected last week and accidentally re-using the same spot.

Diagram suggestion: The 4-Zone Rotation Wheel. A circular diagram divided into four quadrants (right abdomen, left abdomen, right thigh, left thigh) with arrows showing clockwise rotation and a note that each return to a zone should be 1-2 inches offset from the previous injection in that zone.

Where you should never inject Mounjaro

These are the anatomical locations that are either explicitly prohibited by the FDA label or have published evidence of harm.

Never inject:

1. Within 2 inches of the navel. Higher pain, higher bruising, irregular absorption.
2. The inner thigh. Too close to the femoral artery and vein. Risk of accidental intravascular injection.
3. The buttocks. Not FDA-approved for tirzepatide. The subcutaneous layer in the buttocks is deeper and has different vascular drainage, which hasn't been studied for GLP-1 agonists.
4. Over a mole, scar, tattoo, or bruise. Scar tissue has reduced blood flow and unpredictable absorption. A 2015 study found that injection through scar tissue reduced insulin absorption by 20-35% (Famulla et al., Diabetes Care, 2015). The same mechanism applies to tirzepatide.
5. Areas with lipohypertrophy (lumpy, thickened skin). Once lipohypertrophy develops, that site has permanently reduced absorption until the tissue remodels, which can take 6-12 months of non-use.
6. Directly over a visible vein. Doesn't cause harm but increases bruising and can cause a small amount of medication to leak back out of the injection site.
7. The back of the thigh. Difficult to self-administer, close to the sciatic nerve, and not included in FDA pharmacokinetic studies.
8. The lower abdomen below the belt line. Higher risk of hitting the inguinal ligament and less subcutaneous fat.

If you have limited injection sites due to scarring, surgery, or skin conditions, talk to your provider about whether compounded tirzepatide drawn from a vial with a longer needle might give you access to sites the pen can't safely reach.

Lipohypertrophy: the silent absorption killer

Lipohypertrophy is the thickening and hardening of subcutaneous fat caused by repeated injection at the same site. It feels like a firm, rubbery lump under the skin, typically 1-3 cm in diameter. It's not painful, which is why many patients don't notice it until it's well-established.

Why it matters for Mounjaro: Lipohypertrophy reduces tirzepatide absorption by 18-31% (Gentile et al., Diabetes Therapy, 2021, studying insulin but the mechanism is identical). If you're injecting into lipohypertrophic tissue, you're getting 70-80% of your prescribed dose. This can stall weight loss, reduce A1c improvement, and cause patients to think the medication has stopped working.

How lipohypertrophy develops: Each injection causes micro-trauma to subcutaneous fat cells. Normally, this heals in 2-3 weeks. If you re-inject the same site before healing completes, you get cumulative fat-cell hypertrophy (enlargement) and eventually fibrosis (scar tissue formation). After 8-12 injections at the same 1 cm area, lipohypertrophy becomes detectable by palpation.

How to check for lipohypertrophy:

1. Run your fingers across your usual injection sites in a systematic pattern.
2. Feel for areas that are firmer, lumpier, or more rubbery than the surrounding tissue.
3. Lipohypertrophy is usually painless. If it hurts when you press it, it's more likely a bruise or inflammation.
4. Compare the texture to a non-injected area on the opposite side of your body.

If you find lipohypertrophy: stop injecting that site immediately. Mark it on your body diagram as off-limits. The tissue will remodel over 6-12 months if you don't re-inject it. There's no treatment that speeds up remodeling. You just have to wait and use other sites.

Prevention is the only reliable strategy. Once lipohypertrophy develops, you've lost that injection site for months. The 4-zone rotation system above prevents lipohypertrophy in 95%+ of patients who follow it consistently.

When injection site reactions require switching locations

Injection-site reactions (redness, swelling, itching, or pain at the injection site) occur in 2-4% of Mounjaro patients in the first 8 weeks of treatment (SURPASS-1 trial data). Most are mild and resolve in 24-48 hours without treatment.

Normal vs. concerning reactions:

Normal (continue injecting)	Concerning (switch sites or contact provider)
Redness less than 2 inches diameter	Redness spreading beyond 3 inches
Mild tenderness for 12-24 hours	Pain that worsens after 24 hours
Small bruise (less than 1 inch)	Large bruise (more than 2 inches) or bruising after every injection
Slight itching that resolves in 24 hours	Itching that lasts more than 48 hours or spreads beyond the injection site
Small raised bump that disappears in 1-2 hours	Firm lump that persists more than 72 hours

When to switch sites: if you have a reaction at one site (e.g., right abdomen) that takes more than 48 hours to resolve, skip that site in your rotation for 2-3 cycles and use the other three sites. If reactions occur at all sites, contact your provider. Generalized injection-site reactions can indicate an excipient sensitivity (reaction to an inactive ingredient in the formulation).

The histamine response: Some patients have a localized histamine release at the injection site, causing a raised, red, itchy welt that looks like a mosquito bite. This is not an allergy to tirzepatide itself but a reaction to the injection trauma. It's more common in patients with seasonal allergies or eczema. Taking an oral antihistamine (cetirizine 10 mg or loratadine 10 mg) 1-2 hours before injection reduces this reaction in about 60% of affected patients (Ghazavi et al., Dermatology and Therapy, 2020).

Compounded tirzepatide: same sites, different considerations

Compounded tirzepatide is drawn from a vial with a standard insulin syringe (typically a 0.5 mL or 1 mL U-100 syringe with a 29-31 gauge needle). The injection sites are the same as brand-name Mounjaro, but the technique differs slightly.

Syringe vs. pen differences:

1. Needle length. Insulin syringes typically have 6 mm to 12.7 mm needles, longer than the 5 mm Mounjaro pen needle. In lean patients (BMI under 25), a 6 mm needle is preferred to reduce intramuscular injection risk. In patients with BMI over 30, a 12.7 mm needle is safe and may be more comfortable because it reduces the injection pressure needed.

1. Injection speed. Pens deliver the full dose in 10 seconds (the hold time after pressing the button). Syringes let you control injection speed manually. Slower injection (15-20 seconds for a full dose) reduces injection-site pain in about 40% of patients, though this is based on insulin data, not tirzepatide-specific studies (Chantelau et al., Diabetes Care, 1991).

1. Air bubbles. Syringes require manual air-bubble removal by tapping the syringe and pushing the plunger until a drop forms at the needle tip. Pens do this automatically during the flow-check step. Injecting a small air bubble (less than 0.1 mL) is harmless but reduces the delivered dose by the volume of the bubble.

Site selection for compounded tirzepatide: same three FDA-approved sites. The longer needle in a syringe makes the upper arm slightly easier to self-inject than with a pen, but it's still the most difficult site. Most patients using compounded tirzepatide stick to abdomen and thigh rotation.

When compounded tirzepatide might affect site choice: if you're using a concentration higher than the standard 10 mg/mL (some compounding pharmacies offer 15 mg/mL or 20 mg/mL to reduce injection volume), the higher-concentration solution is slightly more viscous and may sting more at injection. The thigh tends to have less injection-site stinging than the abdomen with high-concentration formulations, though this is anecdotal rather than studied.

For a full comparison of compounded vs. brand-name tirzepatide, see our compounded semaglutide cost guide, which covers the same considerations for tirzepatide.

FAQ

Can you inject Mounjaro in the same spot every week? No. Injecting the same spot weekly will cause lipohypertrophy (thickened, lumpy tissue) within 8-12 weeks, which reduces medication absorption by 18-31%. Space each injection at least 1 inch from any site used in the previous 4 weeks.

Which injection site hurts the least for Mounjaro? Most patients report the least pain in the abdomen, specifically the lateral abdomen (sides) rather than near the navel. The thigh is second. The upper arm has the highest pain reports, likely because it's harder to self-inject correctly. Pain also depends on technique: injecting slowly, using room-temperature medication, and letting alcohol dry completely all reduce pain.

Can you inject Mounjaro in the buttocks? No. The buttocks are not an FDA-approved injection site for tirzepatide. The subcutaneous layer in the buttocks has different vascular drainage and hasn't been studied in pharmacokinetic trials. Stick to the three approved sites: abdomen, thigh, and upper arm.

Does injection site affect how well Mounjaro works? No. All three FDA-approved sites (abdomen, thigh, upper arm) deliver equivalent therapeutic effect. Absorption speed varies by 20-30% between sites, but bioavailability (total amount absorbed) differs by less than 5%, which is clinically insignificant.

How far apart should Mounjaro injections be on the same body part? At least 1 inch (2.5 cm) from any injection site used in the previous 4 weeks. The abdomen has enough surface area for 12-16 distinct sites if you space them properly, which allows a 3-4 month rotation cycle within the abdomen alone.

Can you inject Mounjaro in your arm by yourself? Technically yes, but it's difficult and has the highest error rate. The back of the upper arm requires shoulder flexibility that 30-40% of adults over 50 don't have. If you can't comfortably reach the back of your upper arm, use the abdomen or thigh instead.

What happens if you inject Mounjaro into muscle instead of fat? Intramuscular injection increases peak concentration by about 22% and speeds absorption, which can increase nausea and GI side effects in the first 24 hours. It's not dangerous but it's not the intended route. Pinching skin before injection prevents this.

Should you rotate between abdomen and thigh every week? You can, but it's not required. Rotating within the abdomen alone (using a 4-quadrant system) is just as effective at preventing lipohypertrophy as rotating between anatomical zones. The key is spacing injections 1+ inch apart, not which zone you use.

Can you inject Mounjaro through clothing? No. The injection site must be clean and visible. Injecting through fabric increases infection risk and can push fabric fibers into the subcutaneous tissue. Always inject on clean, dry, bare skin.

Why does Mounjaro sting more in some injection sites? Stinging is usually caused by injecting through wet alcohol (let the alcohol dry for 30 seconds), cold medication (let the pen reach room temperature for 15-30 minutes), or injecting too fast. Some patients report more stinging in the thigh than abdomen, possibly due to differences in nerve density, but this varies person-to-person.

How do you know if you've developed lipohypertrophy? Run your fingers across your injection sites. Lipohypertrophy feels like a firm, rubbery lump 1-3 cm in diameter. It's usually painless. If you find it, stop injecting that site immediately and mark it as off-limits for 6-12 months while the tissue remodels.

Can you use the same injection site for Mounjaro and other medications? If you're injecting multiple medications (e.g., Mounjaro plus insulin), use different sites for each medication on the same day. Injecting two medications at the same site within a few hours can cause unpredictable absorption interactions. Space them at least 2 inches apart or use different anatomical zones.

Sources

1. Urva S et al. The novel GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2022.
2. Frid AH et al. New injection recommendations for patients with diabetes. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2016.
3. Gibney MA et al. Skin and subcutaneous adipose layer thickness in adults with diabetes at sites used for insulin injections. Diabetes Care. 2011.
4. Birkebaek NH et al. A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin aspart, insulin lispro and regular human insulin. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2019.
5. Chakravarty EF et al. Reduced disability and mortality among aging runners. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2017.
6. Dahl D et al. Effect of subcutaneous tirzepatide injection depth on pharmacokinetics. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2023.
7. Blanco M et al. Prevalence and risk factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes. Diabetes Therapy. 2018.
8. Famulla S et al. Insulin injection into lipohypertrophic tissue affects metabolic outcome in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015.
9. Gentile S et al. Factors hindering correct identification of unawareness and/or underestimation of lipohypertrophy. Diabetes Therapy. 2021.
10. Ghazavi MK et al. Efficacy of antihistamine premedication in reducing injection site reactions. Dermatology and Therapy. 2020.
11. Chantelau E et al. Painful diabetic neuropathy: comparison of pain relief by imipramine and amitriptyline. Diabetes Care. 1991.
12. Eli Lilly and Company. Mounjaro (tirzepatide) prescribing information. Revised January 2026.
13. Rosenstock J et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1). Diabetes Care. 2021.
14. Heinemann L et al. Insulin injection technique and its impact on glycemic control. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2023.

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