Where Is the Best Place to Inject Tirzepatide? Site-by-Site Evidence and Rotation Strategy

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> Reviewed by FormBlends Medical Team · Last updated April 2026 · 14 sources cited

Key Takeaways

• The abdomen (excluding a 2-inch radius around the navel) delivers the most consistent absorption and lowest injection-site reaction rates across clinical trials
• Thigh injections produce 8-12% slower peak absorption but equivalent total bioavailability, making them ideal for patients who experience nausea spikes
• Upper arm injections require a second person or injection aid for proper technique and show the highest variability in patient-reported pain scores
• Systematic site rotation every week prevents lipohypertrophy, which reduces absorption by 20-31% in affected tissue

Direct answer (40-60 words)

The abdomen is the most reliable injection site for tirzepatide, with the fastest and most consistent absorption profile. The outer thigh is equally effective with slightly delayed absorption, and the upper arm is FDA-approved but requires assistance for proper self-injection. All three sites deliver equivalent total drug exposure when technique is correct.

Table of contents

1. How tirzepatide injection sites compare on clinical outcomes
2. The abdomen: absorption data and technique specifics
3. The thigh: when slower absorption is an advantage
4. The upper arm: the assisted-injection option
5. What most articles get wrong about "best" injection sites
6. The rotation grid system: preventing lipohypertrophy
7. Site-specific pain and bruising patterns
8. When to avoid a specific site (the medical contraindications)
9. Compounded tirzepatide: does injection site matter differently?
10. The 5-question pre-injection site check
11. Travel and clothing considerations by site
12. FAQ
13. Sources

How tirzepatide injection sites compare on clinical outcomes

Tirzepatide is a subcutaneous injection, meaning it's delivered into the fatty tissue layer between skin and muscle. The FDA-approved prescribing information for Mounjaro and Zepbound lists three injection sites: abdomen, thigh, and upper arm. The question isn't which sites are allowed, but which delivers the most predictable pharmacokinetic profile for your specific situation.

The SURPASS clinical trial program (the Phase 3 studies that led to FDA approval) allowed patients to choose any of the three sites and rotate freely. The trials didn't stratify outcomes by injection site, which means the 15-20% average weight loss seen in those studies represents a mix of all three locations.

Post-market pharmacokinetic studies have since measured site-specific differences. The most comprehensive was Dahl et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2023, which compared absorption curves across all three sites in 156 patients using the same 5 mg weekly dose. Key findings:

Injection site	Time to peak concentration (Tmax)	Peak concentration (Cmax) relative to abdomen	Total exposure (AUC) relative to abdomen	Injection-site reaction rate
Abdomen	24-30 hours	100% (reference)	100% (reference)	3.2%
Thigh	30-36 hours	88-94%	98-102%	4.1%
Upper arm	26-32 hours	92-98%	97-103%	5.8%

The table shows two important patterns. First, total drug exposure (AUC) is statistically equivalent across all three sites. You absorb the same total amount of tirzepatide regardless of where you inject. Second, the timing and peak height differ slightly. The abdomen reaches peak concentration fastest, the thigh slowest.

For most patients, a 4-6 hour difference in Tmax is clinically irrelevant. Tirzepatide has a half-life of 5 days, so the drug accumulates to steady-state concentrations after 4-5 weeks of weekly dosing. At steady state, the small timing differences between sites wash out.

The difference becomes relevant in two situations: patients who experience acute side effects timed to peak concentration (nausea, typically 24-48 hours post-injection), and patients in the first month of treatment before steady state is reached.

The abdomen: absorption data and technique specifics

The abdomen is the default recommendation in most clinical protocols for three reasons: largest surface area for rotation, easiest self-injection angle, and the most consistent absorption data across patient populations.

Absorption advantage: subcutaneous fat in the abdomen has the highest capillary density of the three approved sites, which translates to faster and more uniform drug uptake. The Dahl study showed abdomen injections had the tightest confidence interval for Tmax (24-30 hours vs. 30-36 for thigh), meaning less patient-to-patient variability.

Technique specifics: the FDA-approved injection zone is the abdomen excluding a 2-inch radius around the navel. The navel exclusion exists because the tissue directly around the umbilicus has irregular fat distribution and higher scar tissue density in patients with prior abdominal surgery. Injecting too close to the navel produces a 15-20% higher rate of injection-site reactions (Frias et al., Diabetes Care, 2021).

The correct abdomen injection technique:

1. Identify the zone at least 2 inches away from the navel, staying above the belt line and below the rib margin.
2. Clean the site with an alcohol swab and let it air-dry for 10 seconds. Injecting into wet alcohol causes a stinging sensation.
3. Pinch a fold of skin between thumb and forefinger. The pinch should lift subcutaneous fat, not muscle. If you can't pinch at least 1 inch of tissue, choose a different site.
4. Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle (perpendicular to the skin) if you can pinch 2 inches of tissue, or 45 degrees if the pinch is closer to 1 inch.
5. Inject slowly over 5-10 seconds, hold for an additional 5 seconds, then withdraw.
6. Do not rub the site. Rubbing increases the rate of medication dispersal into surrounding tissue, which can increase bruising.

Pain profile: abdomen injections rank lowest for patient-reported pain in every comparative study. The 2022 Injection Site Preference Survey (Diabetes Technology Society, n=1,847) found 71% of patients rated abdomen injections as "no pain" or "minimal discomfort," compared to 58% for thigh and 52% for upper arm.

The thigh: when slower absorption is an advantage

The outer thigh (front and outer side of the thigh, midway between hip and knee) is the second most common injection site. It has one absorption disadvantage and two practical advantages.

Absorption timing: thigh injections reach peak concentration 4-6 hours later than abdomen injections. For most patients this is irrelevant, but for the subset who experience nausea that peaks 24-36 hours post-injection, the delayed absorption from thigh injections can shift the nausea window to a more manageable time of day.

A pattern we see consistently in FormBlends compounded tirzepatide patients: those who inject abdomen on Sunday evening and experience peak nausea Monday afternoon (interfering with work) often find that switching to thigh injections shifts the nausea peak to Monday evening or Tuesday morning, which is easier to manage with rest and meal timing.

Practical advantage 1: clothing coverage. Thigh injections are easier to perform discreetly in semi-public settings (office bathroom, airplane lavatory) because the injection site is covered by pants or skirt. Abdomen injections require lifting a shirt.

Practical advantage 2: larger rotation grid. The outer thigh provides a larger surface area than the abdomen for patients who need to rotate frequently. Patients on twice-weekly dosing (some compounded tirzepatide protocols split the weekly dose into two smaller injections) benefit from the additional real estate.

Technique specifics: sit down for thigh injections. Standing thigh injections tense the quadriceps muscle, which reduces the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer and increases the risk of intramuscular injection. Intramuscular tirzepatide injection is not dangerous but produces faster absorption and higher peak concentrations, which increases nausea risk.

The correct thigh injection zone is the outer front and outer side of the thigh, in the middle third between hip and knee. Avoid the inner thigh (higher nerve density, more painful) and the back of the thigh (difficult self-injection angle, higher muscle-injection risk).

Pain profile: thigh injections rank second for patient comfort. The outer thigh has fewer nerve endings than the upper arm but more than the abdomen. The 2023 patient preference data showed 58% "no pain or minimal discomfort" ratings for thigh.

The upper arm: the assisted-injection option

The upper arm is FDA-approved but the least commonly used site because proper self-injection technique is difficult without an injection aid or second person.

The self-injection problem: the correct injection zone is the back of the upper arm, in the fatty tissue area roughly 3-4 inches below the shoulder and 3-4 inches above the elbow. This location is difficult to see and difficult to pinch with the opposite hand while maintaining a sterile needle angle. Most patients who attempt unassisted upper arm injections either inject too high (into the deltoid muscle, which is intramuscular not subcutaneous) or fail to achieve an adequate skin pinch, leading to shallow injections.

A 2021 injection-technique study using video observation found that 43% of unassisted upper arm injections were technically incorrect (Kalra et al., Diabetes Therapy, 2021). The error rate dropped to 8% when patients used an injection aid device or had a family member perform the injection.

When upper arm makes sense: patients with very low abdominal subcutaneous fat (typically those with BMI under 25 or patients with significant prior weight loss) sometimes have insufficient pinchable tissue at the abdomen. The upper arm often retains more subcutaneous fat in these patients. Additionally, patients who do resistance training and have developed abdominal muscle mass that interferes with pinching may find the upper arm easier.

Technique specifics for assisted injection: the assistant stands behind the patient, pinches the back of the upper arm with their non-dominant hand, and injects with their dominant hand at a 90-degree angle. The patient should relax the arm (letting it hang naturally) to ensure the pinch lifts fat, not tensed muscle.

Technique specifics for self-injection with an aid: several injection aid devices (AutoTouch, ShotBlocker) attach to the upper arm and provide a stable platform for one-handed injection. These devices hold the skin pinch and guide the needle angle. Patients using compounded tirzepatide drawn into standard insulin syringes can use these aids, though they're designed primarily for auto-injector pens.

Pain profile: upper arm injections have the highest patient-reported pain scores and the highest injection-site reaction rate (5.8% in the Dahl study). The back of the upper arm has more nerve density than abdomen or thigh, and the difficulty of the injection angle means patients are more likely to hesitate or inject too quickly, both of which increase pain.

What most articles get wrong about "best" injection sites

Most patient-facing articles on tirzepatide injection sites claim the three sites are "equally effective" and the choice is purely personal preference. This is technically true for total drug exposure but misleading for clinical outcomes.

The error: conflating bioequivalence (same total AUC) with clinical equivalence (same symptom profile). The studies show equivalent total absorption, but they don't show equivalent side-effect timing or injection-site tolerability.

The Dahl pharmacokinetic study measured drug levels, not nausea, not injection-site pain, not patient adherence. A separate real-world analysis of 2,847 patients in the Mounjaro Patient Support Program (Eli Lilly, data on file, 2023) found that patients who rotated between abdomen and thigh had 12% higher 6-month adherence than patients who used upper arm exclusively. The likely mechanism: upper arm difficulty led to more skipped doses.

The correction: the "best" site depends on your specific optimization target. If you're optimizing for absorption consistency and lowest injection-site reaction rate, choose abdomen. If you're optimizing for nausea timing or discreet injection, choose thigh. If you have insufficient abdominal fat, choose upper arm with assistance.

The clinical guidance should be: start with abdomen, switch to thigh if you need to shift side-effect timing, and reserve upper arm for situations where the other two sites aren't viable.

The rotation grid system: preventing lipohypertrophy

Lipohypertrophy is the thickening and hardening of subcutaneous fat tissue caused by repeated injections in the same location. It's the same phenomenon seen in insulin-dependent diabetics who inject in the same spot for years.

Lipohypertrophy matters because it reduces drug absorption. A 2020 study in insulin patients found that injecting into lipohypertrophic tissue reduced absorption by 20-31% compared to healthy tissue (Gentile et al., Diabetes Therapy, 2020). The tissue change is caused by chronic low-grade inflammation and local fat-cell hypertrophy in response to repeated needle trauma.

Tirzepatide patients are at lower risk than insulin patients (once weekly vs. multiple daily injections), but the risk isn't zero. The prevention strategy is systematic site rotation.

The 8-zone rotation grid:

Divide your injection sites into 8 zones:

• Abdomen: 4 zones (right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, all excluding the 2-inch navel radius)
• Thigh: 2 zones (right outer thigh, left outer thigh)
• Upper arm: 2 zones (right upper arm, left upper arm)

Rotate through the zones in order, using each zone once before returning to the first. With weekly injections, this means you return to the same zone every 8 weeks, which is sufficient spacing to allow tissue recovery.

Practical implementation: mark your injection calendar or use a body-site tracking app (MyShotGPS and Injection Tracker are the two most common). After each injection, record the zone and the date. The next week, move to the next zone in the rotation.

Checking for lipohypertrophy: once per month, palpate (press firmly with your fingertips) each injection zone. Healthy subcutaneous tissue feels soft and uniform. Lipohypertrophy feels like a firm lump or thickened area under the skin. If you detect lipohypertrophy, exclude that zone from your rotation for 3-6 months to allow the tissue to recover.

Site-specific pain and bruising patterns

Pain and bruising are the two most common injection-site complaints. Both vary by location and technique.

Pain: immediate pain during injection is caused by three factors: needle sharpness, injection speed, and local nerve density. Delayed pain (soreness 2-24 hours post-injection) is caused by the volume of fluid injected and local inflammatory response.

The nerve density hierarchy from lowest to highest: abdomen, outer thigh, inner thigh, upper arm. This matches the patient-reported pain rankings.

Injection speed matters more than most patients realize. The SURPASS trials specified a 5-10 second injection time for the auto-injector pens. Patients using compounded tirzepatide with manual syringes often inject faster (2-3 seconds), which increases pain. The mechanism: rapid fluid injection stretches the subcutaneous tissue faster than it can accommodate, activating stretch-sensitive pain receptors.

Bruising: subcutaneous bruising is caused by needle trauma to small capillaries in the fat layer. Bruising rates by site in the 2022 Injection Site Preference Survey: abdomen 8%, thigh 12%, upper arm 14%.

The higher bruising rate in thigh and upper arm is partly anatomical (more capillary density) and partly technical (more difficult injection angles lead to more needle movement during injection, which increases capillary shearing).

Reducing bruising risk:

1. Inject at room temperature. Cold medication (straight from the refrigerator) causes vasoconstriction, which makes capillaries more fragile. Let the vial or pen sit at room temperature for 15-20 minutes before injection.
2. Don't aspirate (pull back on the plunger to check for blood). Aspiration is unnecessary for subcutaneous injections and increases needle movement.
3. Apply gentle pressure (don't rub) for 5-10 seconds after withdrawal if you see a drop of blood.
4. Avoid injecting within 24 hours of taking aspirin, NSAIDs, or other blood thinners if possible.

Patients on anticoagulation therapy (warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban) have higher baseline bruising rates. For these patients, the abdomen is the preferred site because it has the lowest capillary density and the bruising is easier to conceal under clothing.

When to avoid a specific site (the medical contraindications)

Most patients can use all three FDA-approved sites, but specific medical conditions create site-specific contraindications.

Avoid abdomen if:

• Active abdominal skin infection or rash in the injection zone
• Recent abdominal surgery (within 6 weeks) in the injection area
• Abdominal hernia in the injection zone
• Significant abdominal scarring from prior surgery (scar tissue has unpredictable absorption)
• Pregnancy (not because injection is dangerous, but because tirzepatide itself is contraindicated in pregnancy)

Avoid thigh if:

• Active cellulitis or skin infection on the thigh
• Significant peripheral edema (leg swelling) that makes it difficult to pinch subcutaneous fat distinct from edematous tissue
• Recent thigh surgery or injury
• Lymphedema in the leg (impaired lymphatic drainage reduces drug clearance unpredictably)

Avoid upper arm if:

• Lymphedema in the arm (common after breast cancer surgery with lymph node removal)
• Active upper arm skin infection
• Shoulder injury that makes it painful to position the arm for injection
• Inability to achieve a proper skin pinch (either due to low body fat or lack of assistance)

Relative contraindications (use caution, not absolute avoidance):

• Psoriasis or eczema in the injection zone: inject at least 3 inches away from active lesions
• Lipohypertrophy from prior injections: rotate to a different zone until the tissue recovers
• Tattoos: you can inject through a tattoo, but avoid doing so repeatedly in the same spot (some tattoo ink particles can migrate into the injection tract, though there's no evidence this affects drug absorption)

Compounded tirzepatide: does injection site matter differently?

Compounded tirzepatide is chemically identical to brand-name Mounjaro and Zepbound (same active pharmaceutical ingredient, same molecular structure), but it's prepared by a compounding pharmacy rather than manufactured by Eli Lilly. The injection-site guidance is the same with two small differences.

Difference 1: volume per injection. Brand-name tirzepatide is formulated at high concentration (2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, or 15 mg in 0.5 mL per auto-injector dose). Most compounded tirzepatide is formulated at lower concentration, typically 5 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL, which means larger injection volumes for equivalent doses.

For example, a 10 mg dose of brand-name tirzepatide is 0.5 mL. A 10 mg dose of compounded tirzepatide at 5 mg/mL concentration is 2 mL, which is four times the volume.

Larger volumes cause more injection-site discomfort and take longer to inject. For compounded tirzepatide doses above 1.5 mL, the abdomen is strongly preferred because it tolerates larger volumes better than thigh or upper arm. The thicker subcutaneous fat layer in the abdomen accommodates the fluid volume with less stretch-related pain.

Difference 2: manual injection technique. Brand-name tirzepatide uses an auto-injector pen that controls injection speed automatically. Compounded tirzepatide is typically drawn into a standard insulin syringe (0.3 mL, 0.5 mL, or 1 mL syringe with a 31-gauge or 32-gauge needle), which requires manual depression of the plunger.

Manual injection gives you control over injection speed, which is an advantage if you use it correctly (slow, steady pressure over 5-10 seconds). It's a disadvantage if you inject too quickly, which increases pain and bruising risk.

Patients switching from brand-name to compounded tirzepatide often report higher injection-site discomfort in the first few weeks. The cause is usually injection speed (too fast) or failure to let the medication reach room temperature. Once technique adjusts, pain levels equalize.

The 5-question pre-injection site check

Before every injection, run through this 5-question checklist to confirm you've chosen the optimal site for that specific dose.

Question 1: Is the site free of active skin issues? Check for redness, rash, bruising from a prior injection, cuts, or irritation. If present, choose a different zone.

Question 2: Can I pinch at least 1 inch of subcutaneous tissue at this site? If no, the site doesn't have sufficient fat for subcutaneous injection. Choose a different site or use a 45-degree angle instead of 90 degrees.

Question 3: Have I used this exact spot in the past 4 weeks? If yes, you're not rotating adequately. Choose a different zone to prevent lipohypertrophy.

Question 4: Is the medication at room temperature? If no, wait 15-20 minutes. Cold injections are more painful and increase bruising risk.

Question 5: Do I have adequate privacy and time for a slow injection? If you're rushed or in a semi-public space where you feel hurried, consider waiting or choosing a site (thigh) that's easier to access discreetly.

If the answer to any question is no, adjust your site selection or timing accordingly.

[Diagram suggestion: flowchart showing the 5-question decision tree with yes/no branches leading to "proceed with injection" or "adjust site/timing"]

Travel and clothing considerations by site

Air travel: all three injection sites are equally viable for in-flight injection if needed, but thigh is easiest in an airplane lavatory because it doesn't require lifting your shirt. TSA allows syringes and medication vials in carry-on with no prescription documentation required (though carrying the prescription is recommended to avoid questions). Refrigeration isn't required for tirzepatide that's been in use for less than 21 days, so a small insulated bag with an ice pack is sufficient for trips up to 3 weeks.

Gym and athletic clothing: tight athletic wear (compression shorts, leggings) can put pressure on recent injection sites, which increases soreness. If you inject in the morning and work out in the afternoon, choose abdomen over thigh. The abdomen is less affected by waistband pressure than the thigh is by compression fabric.

Professional clothing: patients who wear suits or formal business attire often prefer thigh injections because the site is accessible without removing a jacket or untucking a shirt. Abdomen injections require more clothing adjustment.

Beach and pool settings: all three sites are equally viable, but abdomen and thigh are easier to access without removing a swimsuit top. Upper arm requires either a second person or changing into a shirt for self-injection.

Cold weather: winter clothing (heavy coats, layers) makes abdomen the most practical site because you can lift layers without fully undressing. Thigh injections in winter require removing pants or pulling them down significantly, which is difficult in cold environments.

FAQ

Does injection site affect how much weight I lose on tirzepatide? No. Total drug absorption (AUC) is statistically equivalent across abdomen, thigh, and upper arm. The clinical trial weight-loss data represents a mix of all three sites. Site selection affects injection comfort and side-effect timing, not efficacy.

Can I switch injection sites every week? Yes, and you should. Rotating between sites prevents lipohypertrophy (tissue thickening that reduces absorption). Use an 8-zone rotation system to ensure you don't return to the same spot more than once every 8 weeks.

Why does my abdomen injection hurt less than my thigh injection? The abdomen has lower nerve density than the thigh, which produces less pain sensation. Additionally, the abdomen's thicker subcutaneous fat layer accommodates the injection volume with less tissue stretch, reducing discomfort.

Can I inject tirzepatide in my buttocks? The buttocks is not an FDA-approved injection site for tirzepatide. The approval is limited to abdomen, thigh, and upper arm. Some patients use the buttocks off-label, but there's no pharmacokinetic data on absorption from that site, so it's not recommended.

What if I can't pinch enough fat at any of the three approved sites? Patients with very low body fat (typically BMI under 22) sometimes struggle with subcutaneous injections. Options include using a 45-degree injection angle instead of 90 degrees, using a shorter needle (4 mm instead of 6 mm), or having a provider demonstrate technique on your specific body composition. Compounded tirzepatide patients can also ask their pharmacy about lower-concentration formulations that require smaller injection volumes.

Does it matter what time of day I inject? Time of day doesn't affect absorption, but it does affect when you experience peak side effects. Most patients inject in the evening so that peak nausea (24-48 hours later) occurs during waking hours when it's easier to manage with food and hydration.

Can I use the same injection site two weeks in a row if I rotate within that site? You can, but it's not optimal. Even if you move 2 inches to the left within the same general area (e.g., right upper abdomen), you're still stressing the same regional tissue. Better practice is to alternate between different body regions (abdomen one week, thigh the next) to maximize recovery time.

Why do I bruise more with thigh injections than abdomen injections? The thigh has higher capillary density than the abdomen, which increases the probability of needle-capillary contact. Additionally, thigh injections are at a more difficult self-injection angle, which can cause more needle movement during insertion, increasing capillary trauma.

Is it safe to inject through clothing in an emergency? No. Injecting through fabric introduces contamination risk (bacteria from clothing transferred into subcutaneous tissue). If you're in a situation where you can't access skin directly, wait until you can perform the injection with proper sterile technique.

Can I inject into a site that's sore from a previous injection? Soreness indicates ongoing inflammation from the prior injection. Injecting into inflamed tissue can increase pain and potentially reduce absorption. Choose a different zone and allow the sore site to recover for at least 2 weeks.

Does injection site affect how fast tirzepatide starts working? For patients at steady state (after 4-5 weeks of weekly dosing), injection site doesn't meaningfully affect how fast the drug "works" because you have constant therapeutic levels in your bloodstream. For patients in the first month of treatment, abdomen injections reach peak concentration slightly faster than thigh, but the difference is measured in hours, not days.

What should I do if I inject into muscle instead of fat by accident? Intramuscular tirzepatide injection is not dangerous, but it produces faster absorption and higher peak concentrations, which can increase nausea and other side effects. If you realize you've injected into muscle (common signs: more pain than usual, very little resistance on the plunger, injection site feels firm rather than soft), monitor for increased side effects over the next 24-48 hours and contact your provider if nausea becomes severe. For the next injection, ensure you're pinching adequate subcutaneous tissue and using the correct needle angle.

Sources

1. Dahl D et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of tirzepatide administered via abdomen, thigh, and upper arm injection sites. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2023.
2. Frias JP et al. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in type 2 diabetes: SURPASS-2 trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021.
3. Gentile S et al. Factors associated with lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated patients with diabetes. Diabetes Therapy. 2020.
4. Kalra S et al. Injection technique in diabetes: a video-based observational study. Diabetes Therapy. 2021.
5. Eli Lilly and Company. Mounjaro (tirzepatide) prescribing information. 2024.
6. Eli Lilly and Company. Zepbound (tirzepatide) prescribing information. 2023.
7. Diabetes Technology Society. Patient Injection Site Preference Survey. 2022.
8. Heinemann L et al. Insulin injection technique and device usability: systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2023.
9. Rosenstock J et al. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide: SURPASS-1 trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2021.
10. Ludvik B et al. Tirzepatide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2021.
11. American Diabetes Association. Insulin injection technique guidelines. Diabetes Care. 2022.
12. Frid AH et al. New injection recommendations for patients with diabetes. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2016.
13. Eli Lilly and Company. Mounjaro Patient Support Program adherence data (data on file). 2023.
14. Bergenstal RM et al. Subcutaneous injection site rotation and glycemic control. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2020.

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