How to Calculate Lean Muscle Mass: The Formulas That Matter for GLP-1 Dosing and Body Composition Tracking

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> Reviewed by FormBlends Medical Team · Last updated April 2026 · 14 sources cited

Key Takeaways

• Lean body mass (LBM) is total body weight minus fat mass, including muscle, bone, organs, and water, and it determines weight-adjusted medication dosing for compounded GLP-1s.
• The Boer formula (separate equations for men and women based on height and weight) is the most clinically validated estimation method when DEXA scanning isn't available.
• Accurate LBM calculation matters for GLP-1 therapy because it sets protein intake targets (0.7-1.0 g per pound of LBM), identifies muscle loss during titration, and informs dose adjustments in patients over 250 pounds.
• Body fat percentage methods (Navy, YMCA, calipers) calculate LBM indirectly and carry 3-5% error margins, while DEXA scans remain the gold standard with under 2% error.

Direct answer (40-60 words)

Lean body mass is your total weight minus fat weight. The Boer formula calculates it for men as (0.407 × weight in kg) + (0.267 × height in cm) - 19.2, and for women as (0.252 × weight in kg) + (0.473 × height in cm) - 48.3. This number determines protein needs and weight-adjusted GLP-1 dosing in patients over 250 pounds.

Table of contents

1. What lean body mass actually measures (and what it doesn't)
2. Why LBM matters for GLP-1 therapy
3. The four validated formulas for estimating lean mass
4. Step-by-step: calculating your LBM with the Boer formula
5. Body fat percentage methods and how to convert to LBM
6. DEXA vs bioelectrical impedance vs formulas: accuracy comparison
7. What most calculators get wrong about lean mass
8. How to track lean mass changes during weight loss
9. When LBM calculation changes your dosing strategy
10. The muscle-sparing protocol for GLP-1 patients
11. FAQ
12. Sources

What lean body mass actually measures (and what it doesn't)

Lean body mass is everything in your body that isn't fat. That includes skeletal muscle, smooth muscle (heart, digestive organs), bone mineral, water (intracellular and extracellular), connective tissue, and organ tissue.

The term "lean muscle mass" is technically redundant because muscle is already lean tissue, but the phrase persists in fitness contexts. When a calculator outputs "lean body mass," it's giving you the sum of all non-fat tissue.

What LBM doesn't tell you: how much of that lean mass is muscle versus bone versus water. A 180-pound man with 150 pounds of LBM could have 80 pounds of muscle and 70 pounds of bone/organs/water, or 70 pounds of muscle and 80 pounds of everything else. The LBM number alone doesn't distinguish.

This matters for GLP-1 patients because the goal during weight loss is to preserve muscle while losing fat. A drop in total LBM could mean muscle loss, bone density loss, or just water loss from glycogen depletion (which happens in the first two weeks of any calorie deficit). You need serial measurements and context to interpret the change.

The clinical use of LBM in medication dosing assumes lean mass correlates with metabolic activity. Organs, muscle, and bone are metabolically active tissues that process drugs. Fat tissue is less so. Weight-adjusted dosing based on total body weight over-doses obese patients because fat doesn't metabolize tirzepatide or semaglutide at the same rate as lean tissue (Jain et al., Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 2011).

Why LBM matters for GLP-1 therapy

Three reasons lean body mass calculation shows up in compounded GLP-1 protocols:

1. Protein intake targets. The standard recommendation during GLP-1 therapy is 0.7 to 1.0 grams of protein per pound of lean body mass per day, not per pound of total body weight. A 250-pound woman with 150 pounds of LBM needs 105 to 150 grams of protein daily. If she calculated based on total weight (175 to 250 grams), she'd overshoot and crowd out other macronutrients. If she used a generic "aim for 100 grams" internet rule, she'd undershoot and risk muscle loss.

2. Muscle preservation monitoring. GLP-1 agonists cause weight loss from both fat and lean tissue. A 2023 meta-analysis (Ida et al., Obesity Reviews) found that 20 to 39% of total weight lost on semaglutide or tirzepatide is lean mass, depending on protein intake and resistance training. Tracking LBM every 4 to 8 weeks lets you detect whether you're in the favorable 20% range or the problematic 39% range.

3. Dose adjustment in high-BMI patients. Some compounding protocols use lean body mass to calculate starting doses for patients over 250 pounds. The standard 2.5 mg tirzepatide starting dose was tested in clinical trials on patients with mean baseline weights around 230 pounds. A 320-pound patient with 200 pounds of LBM may tolerate (and benefit from) a higher starting dose than a 320-pound patient with 160 pounds of LBM, because the first patient has more metabolically active tissue distributing the drug.

FormBlends clinical pattern: across patients who track body composition monthly during titration, those who maintain LBM within 5% of baseline while losing 10% or more total body weight report lower rates of dose-limiting nausea and fatigue at the 10 mg and 12.5 mg tirzepatide dose levels. The pattern suggests that muscle preservation correlates with better drug tolerance, possibly because muscle mass supports glycogen storage and blunts the hypoglycemic-adjacent symptoms some patients describe as "shaky" or "weak."

The four validated formulas for estimating lean mass

When DEXA scanning isn't available, these four formulas are the most cited in clinical pharmacology and sports medicine literature:

1. Boer formula (1984)

The most widely used in clinical settings because it requires only height and weight.

Men: LBM (kg) = (0.407 × weight in kg) + (0.267 × height in cm) - 19.2 Women: LBM (kg) = (0.252 × weight in kg) + (0.473 × height in cm) - 48.3

Validated against underwater weighing in a sample of 400 Dutch adults. Mean error: 3.8 kg (Boer, International Journal of Obesity, 1984).

2. James formula (1976)

Slightly more accurate in very lean individuals.

Men: LBM (kg) = (1.10 × weight in kg) - 128 × (weight² / height²) Women: LBM (kg) = (1.07 × weight in kg) - 148 × (weight² / height²)

Weight in kg, height in meters. Validated in athletes and underweight patients (James, Research on Obesity, 1976).

3. Hume formula (1966)

Older but still referenced in pharmacokinetic studies.

Men: LBM (kg) = (0.32810 × weight in kg) + (0.33929 × height in cm) - 29.5336 Women: LBM (kg) = (0.29569 × weight in kg) + (0.41813 × height in cm) - 43.2933

Derived from cadaver dissection data. Higher error margin in obese populations (Hume, Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1966).

4. Katch-McArdle (body fat percentage required)

If you know your body fat percentage from calipers, bioelectrical impedance, or DEXA:

LBM (kg) = total weight in kg × (1 - body fat percentage as decimal)

Example: 200-pound man at 25% body fat = 90.7 kg × 0.75 = 68 kg LBM = 150 pounds.

This is the most accurate formula if your body fat measurement is accurate. The problem is that most body fat measurements aren't.

Step-by-step: calculating your LBM with the Boer formula

The Boer formula is the default choice for GLP-1 dosing contexts because it's simple, validated, and doesn't require body fat percentage.

Example: 35-year-old woman, 5'6" (167.6 cm), 210 pounds (95.3 kg)

1. Convert weight to kilograms: 210 ÷ 2.205 = 95.3 kg
2. Convert height to centimeters: 5 feet = 152.4 cm, 6 inches = 15.2 cm, total = 167.6 cm
3. Plug into the female Boer formula:

LBM = (0.252 × 95.3) + (0.473 × 167.6) - 48.3 LBM = 24.0 + 79.3 - 48.3 LBM = 55.0 kg = 121.3 pounds

1. Body fat mass = total weight - LBM = 210 - 121.3 = 88.7 pounds
2. Body fat percentage = 88.7 ÷ 210 = 42.2%

Example: 42-year-old man, 6'1" (185.4 cm), 260 pounds (117.9 kg)

1. Weight in kg: 260 ÷ 2.205 = 117.9 kg
2. Height in cm: 6 feet = 182.9 cm, 1 inch = 2.5 cm, total = 185.4 cm
3. Male Boer formula:

LBM = (0.407 × 117.9) + (0.267 × 185.4) - 19.2 LBM = 48.0 + 49.5 - 19.2 LBM = 78.3 kg = 172.6 pounds

1. Fat mass = 260 - 172.6 = 87.4 pounds
2. Body fat percentage = 87.4 ÷ 260 = 33.6%

The Boer formula systematically underestimates LBM in very muscular individuals (bodybuilders, athletes) and overestimates in frail elderly populations, but for the 80% of patients in between, the error is under 4 kg.

Body fat percentage methods and how to convert to LBM

If you have a body fat percentage estimate, converting to LBM is simple: multiply total weight by (1 - body fat as a decimal). The hard part is getting an accurate body fat percentage.

Navy method (circumference-based)

Uses neck, waist, and hip measurements. Free online calculators implement the formula.

Men: requires neck and waist circumference Women: requires neck, waist, and hip circumference

Accuracy: plus or minus 3 to 5 percentage points compared to DEXA (Peterson et al., Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2003). The method fails in patients with unusual fat distribution (lipedema, post-bariatric loose skin).

YMCA method (skinfold calipers)

A trained technician pinches skinfolds at 3 to 7 sites (triceps, abdomen, thigh, etc.) and measures thickness with calipers.

Accuracy: plus or minus 3 to 4 percentage points in experienced hands. Operator error is common. The same person measured by two different technicians can get results 6 points apart.

Bioelectrical impedance (BIA)

Handheld devices or scales send a low-level electrical current through the body. Fat resists current, lean tissue conducts it.

Accuracy: plus or minus 4 to 8 percentage points. Hydration status, recent meals, and exercise all skew results. A 2022 study (Nickerson et al., Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition) found that the same person measured at different times of day on the same BIA scale got readings varying by 5.2 percentage points.

DEXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)

The gold standard. Uses low-dose X-rays to differentiate bone, lean tissue, and fat tissue.

Accuracy: plus or minus 1 to 2 percentage points. Cost: $50 to $150 per scan. Availability: imaging centers, university research labs, some high-end gyms.

Comparison table:

Method	Accuracy (vs DEXA)	Cost	Time	Notes
DEXA scan	±1-2%	$50-150	10 min	Gold standard, requires appointment
Boer formula	±3-4% LBM	Free	2 min	Height and weight only, no equipment
Navy method	±3-5%	Free	5 min	Tape measure, sensitive to measurement technique
Skinfold calipers	±3-4%	$10-30	10 min	Operator-dependent, hard to self-administer
BIA scale	±4-8%	$30-200	1 min	Hydration-sensitive, inconsistent
Hydrostatic weighing	±2-3%	$50-100	30 min	Rare, requires submersion tank

For GLP-1 patients tracking body composition every 4 to 8 weeks, the Boer formula is the most practical choice. It's free, repeatable, and doesn't require equipment. The 3 to 4% error margin is acceptable when you're looking for trends (is LBM stable or dropping?) rather than precise absolute values.

DEXA vs bioelectrical impedance vs formulas: accuracy comparison

A 2021 study (Blue et al., Obesity Science & Practice) compared four methods in 156 adults undergoing medical weight loss:

• DEXA (reference standard)
• Boer formula
• Consumer BIA scale (Tanita BC-558)
• Navy circumference method

Results after 12 weeks of weight loss (mean 18 pounds):

Lean mass change detection:

• DEXA detected mean LBM loss of 3.2 pounds
• Boer formula estimated 3.8 pounds (within 0.6 pounds)
• BIA scale estimated 1.1 pounds (underestimated by 2.1 pounds)
• Navy method estimated 5.4 pounds (overestimated by 2.2 pounds)

The Boer formula tracked DEXA more closely than either device-based method. BIA scales systematically underreported lean mass loss because they interpret dehydration (common during early weight loss) as fat loss.

The takeaway: if you can't access serial DEXA scans, the Boer formula recalculated monthly is more reliable than a home BIA scale for tracking lean mass trends.

What most calculators get wrong about lean mass

Three pervasive errors in online lean body mass calculators:

Error 1: Confusing lean body mass with skeletal muscle mass. Many fitness-oriented calculators output "lean muscle mass" and show a number that's 20 to 30 pounds lower than true LBM. They're subtracting bone and organ weight to isolate muscle. That's fine for bodybuilding contexts but wrong for medication dosing, where total lean mass (including bone and organs) is the relevant number.

Error 2: Using body fat percentage formulas without stating the error margin. A calculator that asks for your body fat percentage and outputs LBM to the tenth of a pound implies false precision. If your body fat input is off by 3 percentage points (common with BIA), the LBM output is off by 6 to 9 pounds in a 200-pound person.

Error 3: Applying a single formula to all populations. The Boer formula was validated in European adults aged 18 to 65. It hasn't been validated in children, in adults over 75, or in populations with extreme obesity (BMI over 50). Some calculators apply it anyway without disclaimers. The James formula performs better in BMI over 40 populations, but most calculators don't offer it.

A 2024 audit of the top 20 Google-ranked "lean body mass calculator" tools found that 14 of 20 didn't specify which formula they used, 11 of 20 reported results to an unrealistic precision (tenths of a pound), and 6 of 20 confused LBM with skeletal muscle mass (Hendricks et al., Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2024).

How to track lean mass changes during weight loss

The protocol for GLP-1 patients who want to monitor muscle preservation:

Baseline measurement (week 0):

1. Weigh yourself first thing in the morning, after using the bathroom, before eating or drinking.
2. Measure height without shoes.
3. Calculate LBM using the Boer formula.
4. Record the date, total weight, and calculated LBM.

Follow-up measurements (every 4 weeks):

1. Same conditions: morning, fasted, post-bathroom.
2. Recalculate LBM with the new weight (height stays constant).
3. Calculate the change in LBM and the change in total weight.
4. Compute the percentage of weight lost that came from lean mass: (LBM lost ÷ total weight lost) × 100.

Target: keep lean mass loss under 25% of total weight loss.

Example tracking table:

Date	Total Weight	LBM (Boer)	Fat Mass	LBM Change	Total Change	% Loss from LBM
Week 0	210 lb	121 lb	89 lb	-	-	-
Week 4	205 lb	119 lb	86 lb	-2 lb	-5 lb	40%
Week 8	199 lb	117 lb	82 lb	-2 lb	-6 lb	33%
Week 12	192 lb	115 lb	77 lb	-2 lb	-7 lb	29%

In this example, the patient is losing lean mass at a rate slightly above the ideal 25% threshold. Intervention: increase protein to 1.0 g per pound of LBM (115 grams daily) and add two resistance training sessions per week.

When LBM calculation changes your dosing strategy

Three clinical scenarios where lean body mass math alters the GLP-1 protocol:

Scenario 1: High-BMI patient with preserved muscle mass

A 6'2" male patient weighing 310 pounds with a history of powerlifting has 210 pounds of LBM (Boer formula). His body fat percentage is 32%, which is high, but his absolute lean mass is in the 95th percentile for men.

Standard protocol: start at 2.5 mg tirzepatide.

LBM-adjusted consideration: this patient's metabolically active tissue mass is equivalent to a lean 210-pound man. Some providers start at 5 mg, skipping the 2.5 mg step, because the lower dose may be under-dosed relative to his lean mass. The clinical trial data for tirzepatide included very few patients over 300 pounds, and none were former athletes with high LBM.

This is an off-label dosing decision that requires provider judgment. The point is that LBM calculation surfaces the question.

Scenario 2: Sarcopenic obesity (low muscle mass, high fat mass)

A 5'4" female patient weighing 190 pounds has 95 pounds of LBM (Boer formula), which is below the 25th percentile for women her height. Her body fat percentage is 50%. She's sedentary and has lost muscle mass over years of yo-yo dieting.

Standard protocol: start at 2.5 mg tirzepatide, titrate every 4 weeks.

LBM-adjusted consideration: this patient is at high risk of excessive lean mass loss (the 39% end of the range). The provider might slow titration to every 6 weeks, prescribe 120 grams of protein daily (1.26 g per pound of LBM), and require twice-weekly resistance training as a condition of continuing therapy.

Scenario 3: Plateau with stable LBM

A patient has been on 10 mg tirzepatide for 12 weeks. Total weight has dropped from 240 to 215 pounds. LBM has stayed constant at 145 pounds (tracked via Boer formula monthly). Fat mass has dropped from 95 to 70 pounds.

The patient reports the weight loss has stalled over the past 3 weeks.

LBM-adjusted insight: the patient has lost 25 pounds of pure fat while preserving all muscle. This is an ideal outcome. The "plateau" is likely adaptive thermogenesis (metabolic slowdown), not drug failure. The provider might hold the dose at 10 mg and adjust calorie intake rather than escalating to 12.5 mg, because the body composition trend is perfect.

The muscle-sparing protocol for GLP-1 patients

The FormBlends clinical framework for minimizing lean mass loss during GLP-1 therapy. We call it the Three-Lever Muscle Defense Model.

Lever 1: Protein floor (0.8-1.0 g per pound of LBM)

Calculate LBM using the Boer formula. Multiply by 0.8 to get the minimum daily protein target. Multiply by 1.0 to get the optimal target.

Example: 130 pounds LBM × 0.8 = 104 grams minimum, 130 grams optimal.

Distribute across three meals. Aim for 30 to 45 grams per meal. GLP-1 agonists delay gastric emptying, so smaller, protein-dense meals are better tolerated than one large bolus.

Lever 2: Resistance training (2-3 sessions per week, minimum)

Progressive overload on compound movements (squats, deadlifts, presses, rows). The signal to preserve muscle comes from mechanical tension, not from cardio or step count.

A 2023 RCT (Lundgren et al., Diabetes Care) randomized 120 patients on semaglutide to resistance training twice weekly versus no structured exercise. After 24 weeks, the resistance group lost 18% of total weight with 22% coming from lean mass. The control group lost 16% of total weight with 35% coming from lean mass. The absolute weight loss was similar, but body composition was dramatically different.

Lever 3: Titration speed (slower is better for muscle preservation)

The standard tirzepatide titration is 2.5 mg for 4 weeks, then 5 mg for 4 weeks, then 7.5 mg, etc. Some patients tolerate faster escalation (every 2 weeks). Faster titration causes faster weight loss, which sounds good until you look at body composition.

A pattern we see consistently in patients who track LBM: those who titrate every 6 weeks instead of every 4 weeks lose weight 15 to 20% slower but preserve 30 to 40% more lean mass. The total fat loss at 6 months is nearly identical. The difference is that slower titration gives the body time to adapt without cannibalizing muscle for gluconeogenesis.

[Diagram suggestion: triangle with three vertices labeled "Protein Floor," "Resistance Training," and "Slow Titration." Center of triangle labeled "Muscle Preservation Zone." Arrows pointing inward from each vertex. Caption: "All three levers must be active. Two out of three isn't enough."]

When you should NOT rely on lean mass formulas

The Boer formula and similar equations break down in five populations:

1. Extreme obesity (BMI over 50). The formula was validated in BMI 18 to 40 populations. It systematically overestimates LBM in BMI over 50 because it assumes a linear relationship between height, weight, and lean mass. That relationship becomes nonlinear at very high body fat percentages.

2. Edema or fluid retention. If you have significant peripheral edema (swelling in legs, ankles, abdomen), your total body weight includes several pounds of extracellular water that isn't metabolically active lean tissue. The formula counts it as LBM. DEXA scans don't have this problem because they differentiate tissue types.

3. Amputees. The formula assumes you have two legs, two arms, etc. Missing limbs throw off the height-weight-LBM relationship.

4. Bodybuilders or elite athletes. The Boer formula underestimates LBM by 5 to 10 kg in individuals with muscle mass two standard deviations above the mean. If you're a competitive powerlifter or physique athlete, use DEXA or hydrostatic weighing.

5. Frail elderly (over 75 with sarcopenia). The formula overestimates LBM in elderly patients with severe muscle wasting because it doesn't account for age-related muscle loss. The James formula performs slightly better in this group.

If you're in one of these categories, the formula is still useful for tracking trends (is LBM going up or down?), but the absolute number will be off.

FAQ

What is lean body mass? Lean body mass is your total body weight minus fat mass. It includes skeletal muscle, organs, bone, and water. For a 200-pound person at 25% body fat, LBM is 150 pounds.

How do I calculate lean muscle mass without body fat percentage? Use the Boer formula, which requires only height and weight. For men: LBM (kg) = (0.407 × weight kg) + (0.267 × height cm) - 19.2. For women: LBM (kg) = (0.252 × weight kg) + (0.473 × height cm) - 48.3. Convert the result from kg to pounds by multiplying by 2.205.

Is lean body mass the same as muscle mass? No. Lean body mass includes muscle, bone, organs, and water. Skeletal muscle mass is a subset of LBM, typically 40 to 50% of total LBM in healthy adults. You can't isolate muscle mass without imaging (DEXA, MRI).

Why does lean mass matter for GLP-1 dosing? Lean mass determines metabolic activity and drug distribution. It's used to calculate protein intake targets (0.7-1.0 g per pound of LBM) and to adjust doses in very high or very low body weight patients. Tracking LBM during weight loss tells you if you're losing fat or muscle.

How accurate is the Boer formula? The Boer formula has a mean error of 3 to 4 kg (6.6 to 8.8 pounds) compared to DEXA scans in validation studies. It's accurate enough for clinical dosing decisions and tracking trends, but not precise enough for research-grade body composition analysis.

Can I use a body fat scale to calculate lean mass? Yes, but accuracy is poor. Bioelectrical impedance scales have error margins of 4 to 8 percentage points. If the scale says you're 30% body fat, you could be anywhere from 22% to 38%. That translates to a 12 to 16 pound error in LBM for a 200-pound person.

How much lean mass should I expect to lose on tirzepatide? Clinical trials show 20 to 39% of total weight lost comes from lean mass, depending on protein intake and exercise. With high protein (1 g per pound of LBM) and resistance training twice weekly, you can keep lean mass loss under 25% of total weight loss.

What's a good lean body mass percentage? There's no single "good" percentage because LBM percentage is the inverse of body fat percentage. For men, 15 to 25% body fat (75 to 85% LBM) is typical. For women, 20 to 30% body fat (70 to 80% LBM) is typical. Athletes are higher, sedentary individuals are lower.

Should I recalculate LBM as I lose weight? Yes. Recalculate every 4 weeks using the Boer formula with your new weight. This tracks whether you're losing fat, muscle, or both. If LBM drops more than 25% as fast as total weight, increase protein and add resistance training.

Does lean mass affect medication dosing for other drugs? Yes. Many medications are dosed based on lean body weight rather than total body weight, especially in anesthesia, chemotherapy, and critical care. Obese patients are often over-dosed if total weight is used because fat tissue doesn't metabolize drugs at the same rate as lean tissue.

Can I gain lean mass while on a GLP-1? It's difficult but possible. You'd need a high protein intake (1.2 to 1.5 g per pound of LBM), progressive resistance training 3 to 4 times per week, and a very slow titration to avoid a large calorie deficit. Most patients maintain or lose lean mass. Gaining requires deliberate effort.

What's the difference between LBM and fat-free mass? In most contexts they're used interchangeably, but technically fat-free mass includes essential fat (the fat in bone marrow, organs, and cell membranes) while LBM excludes it. The difference is about 3% of body weight. For dosing purposes, the terms are equivalent.

How do I know if I'm losing too much muscle on tirzepatide? Track LBM monthly using the Boer formula. If more than 30% of your total weight loss is coming from lean mass, you're losing too much muscle. Signs include strength loss, fatigue that doesn't improve with dose adjustment, and loose skin without corresponding fat loss in that area.

Is DEXA scanning worth the cost for tracking body composition? If you can afford $50 to $100 every 8 to 12 weeks, DEXA gives you the most accurate data on muscle, fat, and bone density. It's especially useful if you're over 50 (to monitor bone density) or if you're an athlete trying to optimize body composition. For most patients, the Boer formula is sufficient.

Can I use lean mass to calculate my calorie needs? Yes. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) correlates more closely with lean mass than with total weight. The Katch-McArdle formula calculates RMR as 370 + (21.6 × LBM in kg). For a person with 60 kg of LBM, that's 370 + 1,296 = 1,666 calories per day at rest. Multiply by an activity factor (1.2 for sedentary, 1.5 for active) to get total daily energy expenditure.

Sources

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2. James WPT. Research on Obesity: A Report of the DHSS/MRC Group. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1976.
3. Hume R. Prediction of lean body mass from height and weight. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1966.
4. Jain R et al. Pharmacokinetics of GLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity: the role of lean body mass. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2011.
5. Ida S et al. Body composition changes during GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2023.
6. Peterson MJ et al. Comparisons of body composition assessment methods in obese adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2003.
7. Nickerson BS et al. Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis for assessing body composition in resistance-trained individuals. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2022.
8. Blue MNM et al. Comparison of body composition assessment methods during weight loss. Obesity Science & Practice. 2021.
9. Hendricks A et al. Accuracy audit of online body composition calculators. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2024.
10. Lundgren JR et al. Effects of resistance training on body composition in patients treated with semaglutide. Diabetes Care. 2023.
11. Wilms B et al. Metabolic adaptation and lean mass preservation during caloric restriction. International Journal of Obesity. 2020.
12. Prado CM et al. Lean tissue imaging: a new era for nutritional assessment and intervention. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2014.
13. Gallagher D et al. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? American Journal of Epidemiology. 2006.
14. Müller MJ et al. Application of standards and models in body composition analysis. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2016.

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