KPV

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a C-terminal tripeptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). While alpha-MSH is known primarily for its effects on pigmentation, its anti-inflammatory properties are primarily mediated by this small KPV sequence.

KPV enters cells and translocates to the nucleus where it inhibits NF-kB activation and the MAPK inflammatory cascade. This provides potent anti-inflammatory effects without immunosuppression. In inflammatory bowel disease models, KPV reduced disease activity scores by 60-70% and preserved intestinal barrier integrity.

The peptide can be administered systemically or used in targeted intestinal formulations. Its small size (just 3 amino acids) makes it exceptionally stable and bioavailable compared to larger anti-inflammatory peptides.

KPV has also shown antimicrobial properties, particularly against Candida albicans, making it relevant for gut dysbiosis and fungal overgrowth conditions.