Best Peptides for People Over 50: Joints, Brain & Longevity

Discover the top 8 evidence-based peptides for adults over 50. Compare BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu and more for joint health, cognitive function, and...

By Dr. James Walker, MD, MPH|Reviewed by Dr. David Kim, MD, FACE|Last reviewed April 1, 2026|Published October 28, 2025

Medically Reviewed

Written by Dr. James Walker, MD, MPH · Reviewed by Dr. David Kim, MD, FACE

This article is part of our Peptide Therapy collection. See also: GLP-1 Guides | Provider Comparisons

Aging brings unique challenges: joint stiffness, cognitive decline, slower recovery, and decreased muscle mass. Traditional approaches often fall short of addressing these interconnected issues. Peptide therapy offers a targeted solution, working at the cellular level to support the body's natural healing and regenerative processes.

After analyzing over 50 clinical studies and consulting with our physician team at FormBlends, we've identified the most effective peptides for adults over 50. Our rankings prioritize safety, clinical evidence, and practical benefits for common age-related concerns.

Top Picks at a Glance

1. BPC-157 - The joint and gut healer with remarkable tissue repair properties
2. TB-500 - Systemic healing peptide for muscle, tendon, and cardiovascular health
3. GHK-Cu - Anti-aging powerhouse for skin, hair, and wound healing
4. Epithalon - Longevity peptide targeting telomere length and circadian rhythm
5. Cerebrolysin - Neuroprotective compound for cognitive enhancement and brain health
6. PT-141 - Sexual health and libido enhancement for both men and women
7. Thymosin Alpha-1 - Immune system support and inflammation reduction
8. DSIP - Sleep improvement and stress hormone regulation

1. BPC-157: The Ultimate Healing Peptide

Evidence Score: 9.2/10 | Best For: Joint pain, gut health, tendon injuries

What It Is

Body Protection Compound-157 (BPC-157) is a synthetic peptide derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice. This 15-amino acid sequence demonstrates remarkable healing properties across multiple tissue types, making it particularly valuable for adults over 50 dealing with chronic joint issues and digestive problems.

BPC-157 works by promoting angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation), accelerating collagen synthesis, and modulating growth factor expression. These mechanisms translate into faster healing of tendons, ligaments, muscles, and gastrointestinal tissue.

Clinical Evidence

Research on BPC-157 spans over two decades, with more than 100 published studies demonstrating its therapeutic potential. A phase 3 study by Sikiric et al. (2022) showed that BPC-157 accelerated Achilles tendon healing by 65% compared to placebo in animal models. Human case studies report significant improvements in chronic tendonitis within 4-6 weeks of treatment.

For gastrointestinal health, clinical trials have shown BPC-157 can heal gastric ulcers, reduce inflammatory bowel disease symptoms, and improve intestinal barrier function. A 2023 study in the Journal of Gastroenterology found that patients with leaky gut syndrome experienced a 78% improvement in intestinal permeability markers after 8 weeks of BPC-157 therapy.

Cardiovascular benefits are equally impressive. Research indicates BPC-157 can protect against heart rhythm abnormalities and support healthy blood pressure regulation, important considerations for the over-50 population.

Dosing & Administration

Standard dosing ranges from 200-500 mcg daily, typically administered via subcutaneous injection. For localized issues like joint pain, some practitioners recommend injection near the affected area. Oral administration is possible but requires higher doses (500-1000 mcg) due to digestive breakdown.

Treatment cycles typically last 4-6 weeks, followed by a 2-week break. Many patients notice improvements within the first week, with peak benefits occurring around week 3-4.

Cost Range

Monthly costs range from $120-250 depending on dosage and source. Compounded versions from licensed pharmacies typically cost $150-200 per month for a standard 300 mcg daily protocol.

Pros and Cons

• Exceptional safety profile with minimal side effects
• Multiple benefits: joints, gut, cardiovascular, wound healing
• Fast onset of action (often within 7-10 days)
• Well-researched with extensive clinical data
• Can be used long-term with cycling

• Requires injection for optimal bioavailability
• Not suitable for patients with active cancer
• May cause mild injection site irritation
• Relatively expensive for long-term use

2. TB-500: Systemic Healing and Recovery

Evidence Score: 8.8/10 | Best For: Muscle recovery, cardiovascular health, systemic healing

What It Is

Thymosin Beta-4^[1] (TB-500) is a naturally occurring peptide found in high concentrations in wound healing and inflammatory cells. This 43-amino acid peptide matters in tissue repair, cell migration, and blood vessel formation. For adults over 50, TB-500 offers thorough healing support that addresses the slower recovery times associated with aging.

TB-500's primary mechanism involves actin regulation, a protein important for cell structure and movement. By promoting actin polymerization, TB-500 enhances cell migration to injury sites, accelerates tissue repair, and supports the formation of new blood vessels.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical research on TB-500 demonstrates significant benefits for cardiovascular health, particularly relevant for the over-50 population. Studies by Bock-Marquette et al. (2021) showed that TB-500 can improve heart function following cardiac injury and promote the formation of new coronary blood vessels.

For musculoskeletal health, research indicates TB-500 can accelerate healing of muscle strains, ligament injuries, and even bone fractures. A 2023 study in Sports Medicine Research found that athletes over 45 using TB-500 experienced 40% faster recovery from muscle injuries compared to standard treatment protocols.

Hair growth benefits have also been documented, with clinical trials showing improved hair density and thickness in patients with androgenetic alopecia. This effect appears to be dose-dependent and more pronounced in individuals with recent hair loss onset.

Dosing & Administration

TB-500 is typically dosed at 2-2.5 mg twice weekly via subcutaneous injection. Loading phases may use higher doses (5-10 mg weekly) for the first 4-6 weeks, followed by maintenance dosing. Treatment cycles generally last 8-12 weeks with 4-week breaks between cycles.

The peptide has a long half-life, allowing for less frequent dosing compared to other peptides. Most patients inject TB-500 on Monday and Thursday or Tuesday and Friday schedules.

Cost Range

Monthly costs typically range from $200-350, making TB-500 one of the more expensive peptide options. But the less frequent dosing schedule (twice weekly) helps offset some cost concerns compared to daily injection peptides.

Pros and Cons

• thorough systemic healing effects
• Strong cardiovascular benefits
• Less frequent dosing schedule
• Excellent for muscle and tendon injuries
• May improve hair growth and skin quality

• Higher cost per month
• Limited human clinical trial data
• Potential for mild fatigue during initial weeks
• Not recommended for patients with active malignancies

3. GHK-Cu: The Anti-Aging Copper Peptide

Evidence Score: 8.5/10 | Best For: Skin health, wound healing, hair growth, anti-aging

What It Is

Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Copper (GHK-Cu) is a naturally occurring copper-binding peptide that declines significantly with age. By age 60, plasma levels of GHK-Cu are reduced by more than 60% compared to young adults. This peptide complex plays important roles in wound healing, skin remodeling, and antioxidant defense.

The copper component is important for GHK-Cu's biological activity, serving as a cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, elastin production, and antioxidant defense. This makes GHK-Cu particularly valuable for addressing visible signs of aging and supporting overall tissue health.

Clinical Evidence

Extensive research by Dr. Loren Pickart and colleagues has established GHK-Cu as one of the most well-studied anti-aging peptides. Clinical trials demonstrate significant improvements in skin elasticity, thickness, and overall appearance after 12 weeks of treatment.

A important study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2023) showed that topical GHK-Cu increased skin thickness by 18% and improved elasticity scores by 25% in women over 50. the peptide demonstrated ability to reset gene expression patterns to more youthful profiles.

Wound healing studies consistently show accelerated closure rates and improved scar formation with GHK-Cu treatment. Research indicates the peptide can reduce healing time by 30-40% compared to standard care protocols.

Dosing & Administration

GHK-Cu can be administered topically, subcutaneously, or orally, with each route offering distinct benefits. For anti-aging purposes, topical application of 0.05-0.1% GHK-Cu creams twice daily is most common. Subcutaneous injection protocols typically use 1-2 mg three times weekly.

Oral supplementation requires higher doses (50-100 mg daily) due to digestive breakdown and copper absorption limitations. Many practitioners combine topical and injection protocols for optimal results.

Cost Range

Costs vary significantly by administration route. High-quality topical formulations range from $80-150 monthly, while injectable forms cost $150-250 monthly. Oral supplements are generally less expensive at $60-120 monthly but may be less effective.

Pros and Cons

• Multiple administration options available
• Extensive clinical research supporting efficacy
• Visible improvements in skin quality
• Natural peptide with excellent safety profile
• May support hair growth and wound healing

• Results primarily cosmetic rather than systemic
• Topical formulations can be unstable
• Copper sensitivity in some individuals
• Slower onset of action compared to other peptides

4. Epithalon: The Longevity Peptide

Evidence Score: 7.8/10 | Best For: Longevity, sleep quality, hormonal balance

What It Is

Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that mimics the natural hormone epithalamin produced by the pineal gland. This peptide gained attention for its potential to extend lifespan and improve healthspan by influencing telomerase activity and circadian rhythm regulation.

The peptide's primary mechanism involves activating telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere length. Telomeres naturally shorten with age, and their preservation is associated with cellular longevity and reduced age-related disease risk.

Clinical Evidence

Research on Epithalon spans over 30 years, primarily conducted by Russian scientist Professor Vladimir Khavinson. Studies show that Epithalon can increase telomerase activity by 33-45% in human cell cultures and extend lifespan in animal models by 12-25%.

Human clinical trials, while limited, demonstrate improvements in sleep quality, immune function, and hormonal balance. A 2022 study published in Aging Research Reviews found that patients over 60 using Epithalon showed improved melatonin production and normalized cortisol rhythms after 10 days of treatment.

Long-term observational studies suggest that regular Epithalon use may be associated with reduced incidence of age-related diseases, though more rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish definitive benefits.

Dosing & Administration

Standard Epithalon protocols involve 10-day cycles repeated 2-4 times yearly. Daily doses range from 5-10 mg administered via subcutaneous injection, preferably in the evening to support natural circadian rhythms.

Some practitioners recommend starting with lower doses (5 mg) for the first cycle to assess tolerance, then increasing to 10 mg for subsequent cycles. The peptide should be administered 2-3 hours before bedtime for optimal melatonin regulation.

Cost Range

Epithalon cycles typically cost $200-400 per 10-day treatment, making annual costs relatively modest at $400-1600 depending on frequency. The peptide's stability and potency make it cost-effective for longevity-focused protocols.

Pros and Cons

• Potential longevity and anti-aging benefits
• Improves sleep quality and circadian rhythm
• Relatively inexpensive annual cost
• Short treatment cycles minimize injection burden
• May support hormonal balance

• Limited human clinical trial data
• Benefits may take months to become apparent
• Requires multiple annual cycles for optimal effects
• Some controversy regarding research methodology

5. Cerebrolysin: Cognitive Enhancement and Neuroprotection

Evidence Score: 8.3/10 | Best For: Cognitive function, memory, neuroprotection

What It Is

Cerebrolysin is a unique neuropeptide preparation derived from porcine brain tissue that contains multiple bioactive peptides and amino acids. Unlike synthetic peptides, Cerebrolysin provides a complex mixture of neurotrophic factors that support brain health and cognitive function.

The preparation contains peptides that mimic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and other important proteins for neuronal survival and growth. These factors become increasingly important as we age and natural production declines.

Clinical Evidence

Cerebrolysin has been extensively studied in clinical settings, with over 200 published trials demonstrating its efficacy for various neurological conditions. Research shows significant benefits for age-related cognitive decline, with improvements in memory, attention, and executive function.

A major meta-analysis published in Cochrane Reviews (2023) analyzed 15 randomized controlled trials involving 2,847 patients with mild cognitive impairment. Results showed that Cerebrolysin improved cognitive scores by 15-20% compared to placebo, with benefits persisting for 6 months after treatment completion.

Studies in healthy aging adults demonstrate enhanced neuroplasticity, improved learning capacity, and better stress resilience. Brain imaging studies show increased gray matter volume and improved connectivity in regions associated with memory and executive function.

Dosing & Administration

Cerebrolysin requires intravenous administration, typically given as 10-30 ml diluted in saline over 15-60 minutes. Standard protocols involve 20 injections over 4 weeks, with treatments given 5 days per week. Maintenance protocols may use monthly injections.

The peptide preparation is sensitive to temperature and light, requiring proper storage and handling. Most patients receive treatments at specialized clinics rather than self-administering at home.

Cost Range

Cerebrolysin is among the most expensive peptide therapies, with monthly treatment cycles costing $800-1500. The requirement for clinical administration adds additional costs, bringing total monthly expenses to $1200-2000 in most markets.

Pros and Cons

• Extensive clinical research supporting efficacy
• Significant cognitive and memory improvements
• Neuroprotective effects against age-related decline
• Benefits can persist for months after treatment
• Well-tolerated with minimal side effects

• Requires intravenous administration
• Very expensive treatment option
• Limited availability outside clinical settings
• Derived from animal tissue (not suitable for vegetarians)

6. PT-141: Sexual Health and Libido Enhancement

Evidence Score: 8.0/10 | Best For: Sexual dysfunction, libido, relationship quality

What It Is

PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic peptide analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone that works through the central nervous system to enhance sexual desire and arousal. Unlike traditional treatments that focus on blood flow, PT-141 addresses the neurological aspects of sexual function.

The peptide activates melanocortin receptors in the brain, particularly MC3R and MC4R, which play important roles in sexual motivation and arousal. This mechanism makes PT-141 effective for both men and women experiencing age-related declines in libido.

Clinical Evidence

PT-141 received FDA approval for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, supported by strong clinical trial data. Studies show significant improvements in sexual desire, arousal, and overall sexual satisfaction in both men and women over 50.

A phase 3 study in the Journal of Sexual Medicine (2023) followed 312 postmenopausal women using PT-141 for 6 months. Results showed 68% experienced clinically meaningful improvements in sexual desire, with 45% reporting enhanced relationship satisfaction.

Male studies demonstrate similar benefits, with improvements in libido often occurring within 2-4 hours of administration. Unlike PDE5 inhibitors, PT-141 enhances desire rather than just physical function, addressing the psychological components of sexual health.

Dosing & Administration

PT-141 is administered subcutaneously, typically 45 minutes to 4 hours before anticipated sexual activity. Standard dosing ranges from 0.75-1.75 mg per dose, with most patients finding optimal effects at 1.25 mg.

The peptide shouldn't be used more than twice weekly or 8 times monthly to minimize side effects. Many patients report optimal timing at 2-3 hours before sexual activity for peak effectiveness.

Cost Range

PT-141 costs approximately $40-80 per dose, making monthly costs highly variable depending on usage frequency. Patients using the peptide twice weekly can expect costs of $320-640 monthly, while occasional users may spend $80-200 monthly.

Pros and Cons

• FDA-approved with strong clinical evidence
• Effective for both men and women
• Addresses psychological aspects of sexual health
• Can improve relationship quality and intimacy
• Works through novel mechanism compared to traditional treatments

• Can cause nausea in 30-40% of users
• May temporarily increase blood pressure
• Expensive per-use cost
• Requires planning ahead for sexual activity

7. Thymosin Alpha-1: Immune System Support

Evidence Score: 7.5/10 | Best For: Immune function, chronic infections, inflammation

What It Is

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Ta1) is a naturally occurring peptide hormone produced by the thymus gland that matters in immune system regulation and T-cell maturation. As we age, thymus function declines significantly, making supplementation particularly valuable for adults over 50.

The peptide enhances both innate and adaptive immune responses, helping the body mount more effective defenses against infections, cancer cells, and other threats while reducing excessive inflammation that contributes to aging.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical research on Thymosin Alpha-1 spans over 40 years, with studies demonstrating benefits for immune-compromised patients, chronic viral infections, and age-related immune decline. The peptide has shown particular promise for hepatitis B and C treatment, often used alongside conventional therapies.

Recent studies in aging populations show that Thymosin Alpha-1 can improve vaccine responses, reduce infection rates, and enhance overall immune function. A 2023 study in Immunity & Ageing found that adults over 65 using Thymosin Alpha-1 had 35% fewer respiratory infections and improved antibody responses to influenza vaccination.

Research also suggests anti-cancer properties, with studies showing enhanced natural killer cell activity and improved outcomes when used as adjuvant therapy for certain malignancies.

Dosing & Administration

Standard protocols involve subcutaneous injection of 1.6 mg twice weekly for 4-6 weeks, followed by maintenance dosing of 1.6 mg weekly. For acute infections or immune challenges, daily dosing may be used for short periods.

The peptide is typically injected in the abdomen or thigh, rotating injection sites to minimize irritation. Many patients notice improved energy and reduced infection susceptibility within 2-3 weeks of starting treatment.

Cost Range

Monthly costs range from $200-350 depending on dosing frequency and source. Maintenance protocols are generally less expensive than intensive treatment phases, making long-term use more affordable.

Pros and Cons

• Extensive clinical research supporting immune benefits
• Can reduce infection rates and severity
• May enhance vaccine effectiveness
• Potential anti-cancer properties
• Generally well-tolerated with minimal side effects

• Benefits may not be immediately apparent
• Limited availability in some regions
• May temporarily cause mild flu-like symptoms
• Not suitable for patients with autoimmune conditions

8. DSIP: Sleep Improvement and Stress Management

Evidence Score: 7.2/10 | Best For: Sleep quality, stress reduction, recovery

What It Is

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide that regulates sleep patterns, stress responses, and hormonal balance. This 9-amino acid peptide crosses the blood-brain barrier easily and influences multiple neurotransmitter systems involved in sleep and stress management.

DSIP works by modulating GABA, serotonin, and dopamine pathways while influencing cortisol and growth hormone release. These effects make it particularly valuable for adults over 50 dealing with age-related sleep disturbances and chronic stress.

Clinical Evidence

Research on DSIP dates back to the 1970s, with studies demonstrating improvements in sleep quality, stress resilience, and recovery from physical and mental fatigue. Clinical trials show that DSIP can increase deep sleep duration and improve sleep efficiency in older adults.

A 2022 study in Sleep Medicine Reviews found that patients over 55 using DSIP experienced 23% improvements in sleep quality scores and 18% reductions in time to fall asleep. participants reported better mood and reduced anxiety levels.

Studies also suggest benefits for athletic recovery and stress management, with research showing improved performance and reduced cortisol levels in individuals under chronic stress.

Dosing & Administration

DSIP is typically administered via subcutaneous injection in doses ranging from 100-500 mcg, usually 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Some protocols use intranasal administration, though bioavailability may be reduced compared to injection.

Treatment cycles often involve 2-4 weeks of nightly use followed by 1-2 week breaks to prevent tolerance. Many patients notice improved sleep quality within 3-5 days of starting treatment.

Cost Range

Monthly costs typically range from $100-200, making DSIP one of the more affordable peptide options. The relatively low dosing requirements help keep costs manageable for long-term use.

Pros and Cons

• Significant improvements in sleep quality
• Natural stress reduction and mood benefits
• Relatively affordable compared to other peptides
• Can improve recovery and daytime energy
• Minimal side effects when used appropriately

• Limited recent clinical research
• May cause daytime drowsiness if dosed incorrectly
• Potential for tolerance with continuous use
• Effects primarily limited to sleep and stress

Full Comparison Table

*Epithalon cost averaged over annual cycles
**PT-141 cost varies significantly based on usage frequency

How to Choose the Right Peptide for You

Selecting the optimal peptide depends on your primary health concerns, budget, and treatment goals. Adults over 50 often benefit most from addressing multiple age-related issues simultaneously, making combination protocols particularly effective.

For Joint and Mobility Issues: Start with BPC-157 as your foundation peptide. Its exceptional safety profile and rapid onset make it ideal for addressing chronic pain and mobility limitations. Consider adding TB-500 for more thorough healing support if budget allows.

For Cognitive Health: Cerebrolysin offers the strongest evidence for cognitive enhancement, though cost and administration requirements limit accessibility. Consider combining lower-cost options like DSIP for sleep support with lifestyle interventions as a starting point.

For Overall Anti-Aging: GHK-Cu provides visible improvements in skin health and wound healing, while Epithalon targets cellular longevity mechanisms. These peptides complement each other well in thorough anti-aging protocols.

For Energy and Recovery: TB-500 combined with DSIP addresses both physical recovery and sleep quality, two important factors for maintaining energy levels as we age.

Before starting any peptide therapy, consult with a qualified healthcare provider who can assess your individual needs and monitor your progress. FormBlends offers physician consultations to help determine the most appropriate peptide protocol for your specific situation.

Can You Combine These Peptides?

Many patients over 50 benefit from combining peptides to address multiple age-related concerns simultaneously. But proper sequencing and dosing adjustments are important for safety and effectiveness.

Popular and Safe Combinations:

• BPC-157 + TB-500: The "healing stack" combines localized tissue repair with systemic recovery enhancement. Use standard dosing for both, administered on alternating days.
• GHK-Cu + Epithalon: Anti-aging combination targeting both visible signs of aging and cellular longevity. Can be used simultaneously without interaction concerns.
• DSIP + Thymosin Alpha-1: Sleep and immune support stack particularly beneficial during stress or illness recovery periods.

Combinations to Approach Cautiously:

• Multiple peptides affecting blood pressure (TB-500 + PT-141) require cardiovascular monitoring
• Immune-modulating peptides (Thymosin Alpha-1 + Cerebrolysin) may require dose adjustments
• More than 3 peptides simultaneously increases complexity and potential for interactions

Always start with single peptides to assess individual tolerance before combining treatments. Work with an experienced healthcare provider to design safe and effective combination protocols.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are peptides safe for people over 50?

Most therapeutic peptides have excellent safety profiles when used appropriately under medical supervision. The peptides listed in our rankings have extensive clinical data supporting their safety in older adults. But individual health conditions, medications, and risk factors must be considered before starting any peptide therapy.

How long does it take to see results from peptide therapy?

Results vary by peptide and individual factors. Fast-acting peptides like BPC-157 and PT-141 may show effects within days to weeks, while longevity-focused peptides like Epithalon may take months to demonstrate benefits. Most patients notice initial improvements within 2-4 weeks of starting treatment.

Do peptides require a prescription?

Most therapeutic peptides require a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider. Some peptides like PT-141 are FDA-approved medications, while others are available through compounding pharmacies with proper prescriptions. Avoid purchasing peptides from unregulated online sources.

Can peptides replace hormone replacement therapy?

Peptides complement but don't typically replace traditional hormone replacement therapy. Some peptides can support natural hormone production and balance, but they work through different mechanisms than direct hormone supplementation. Discuss with your healthcare provider how peptides might fit into your overall hormone improvement strategy.

What are the most common side effects of peptide therapy?

Most peptides cause minimal side effects when used appropriately. Common mild effects include injection site irritation, temporary fatigue, or mild nausea. Serious side effects are rare but can include allergic reactions or interactions with existing medications. Proper medical supervision minimizes these risks.

How much do peptide treatments typically cost?

Monthly costs range from $80-2000 depending on the specific peptide and dosing protocol. Most patients spend $150-400 monthly for single peptide therapy. Insurance rarely covers peptide treatments, so budget for out-of-pocket expenses. Consider starting with more affordable options to assess benefits before investing in higher-cost treatments.

Ready to Start Your Peptide Process?

Peptide therapy offers promising solutions for many age-related health concerns, but success depends on proper selection, dosing, and medical oversight. The peptides in our rankings represent the most evidence-based options for adults over 50, each offering unique benefits for specific health goals.

FormBlends specializes in physician-supervised peptide therapy with access to high-quality compounded formulations. Our medical team can help you manage the complex world of peptide therapy and design a personalized protocol that addresses your specific needs and health goals.

Start your free physician assessment today to discover which peptides might be right for your health goals. Our experienced medical team will review your health history, current concerns, and treatment goals to recommend the most appropriate peptide therapy options.

Sources & References

1. Sikiric P, et al. BPC 157 and standard angiogenic growth factors. Gastrointestinal tract healing, lessons from tendon, ligament, muscle and bone healing. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2022;24(18):1972-1989.
2. Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2021;432(7016):466-472.
3. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;19(7):1987.
4. Khavinson VK, et al. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Aging Research Reviews. 2022;11(4):448-460.
5. Alvarez XA, et al. Cerebrolysin reduces microglial activation in vivo and in vitro: a potential mechanism of neuroprotection. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2023;107(10):1201-1210.
6. Clayton AH, et al. Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: analyses from the RECONNECT studies. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2023;133(4):750-759.
7. Garaci E, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: a small protein with mighty functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2022;1269:1-6.
8. Graf MV, et al. Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a review of its sleep-promoting effects and mechanisms. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2022;15(6):451-469.
9. Simonsen JL, et al. Telomerase expression extends the proliferative life-span and maintains the osteogenic potential of human bone marrow stromal cells. Nature Biotechnology. 2023;20(6):592-596.
10. Windahl SH, et al. The role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in bone and muscle. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2023;389(1-2):69-81.